走近黑龙江流域野生莲

黑龙江(蒙语称哈拉穆河,俄语称阿穆尔河)是东北亚地区较大的河流,也是中国和俄罗斯的界河。黑龙江始于石勒喀河与额尔古纳河汇流处,最终注入鄂霍次克海。干流长约4 300千米,以结雅河和乌苏里江入口作为分界点将黑龙江分成上、中、下游3段。有松花江、乌苏里江、结雅河、布列亚河等支流200余条,流域面积达184.3万平方千米。黑龙江流域是野生莲自然分布区的最北界,在黑龙江中下游地区的旧河床、泡沼等静水湿地中,有众多野生莲种群分布。

Russian federal clinical guidelines on the diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of osteoporosis

Screening using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) is recommended in all postmenopausal woman and men over 50 (A1) in order to identify individuals with high probability of fractures. It is recommended to diagnose osteoporosis and start treatment in patients with fragility fracture of large bones of the skeleton and/or high individual probability of major fragility fractures (FRAX) and/or detected decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) up to -2.5 T-score as assessed by DXA in the femoral neck and/or lumbar vertebrae (A1). Patients with back pain, lifetime height loss of 4 cm or height loss of 2 cm since a previous medical examination, those who receive glucocorticoids, patients with long lasting decompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus, or those receiving insulin therapy, as well as patients who were previously diagnosed with fragility fractures at the other sites are advised to underwent standard lateral X-ray imaging of the spine (Th4-L5) in order to verify the presence of compression vertebral fractures (B1). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is recommended for individuals whose 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture (FRAX) falls within the medium risk group (B1). It is recommended to include the trabecular bone score (TBS) the FRAX algorithm in order to improve the sensitivity of this method (B1). Laboratory testing is recommended for the differential diagnosis with other causes of increased skeletal fragility in all patients with newly diagnosed osteoporosis and when previously prescribed antiosteoporostic treatment was ineffective (B1). Bisphosphonates (BPs), antibodies to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-beta ligand (RANKL) (denosumab), or parathyroid hormone analogue (teriparatide) are equally recommended to prevent fragility fractures and increase BMD in patients with osteoporosis (A1). Denosumab is also recommended to prevent BMD loss and fractures in females receiving aromatase inhibitors therapy for breast cancer and males with prostate cancer receiving hormone-deprivation therapy and having no bone metastases (A1). Since teriparatide has the anabolic effect, it is recommended as the first line treatment in patients with severe osteoporosis having history of vertebral fractures, in the individuals with very high risk of fragility fractures, or in the cases when antiresorptive treatment was ineffective (B1). All medications for treatment of osteoporosis are recommended in combination with calcium and vitamin D supplements (A1). Copyright © 2017 by the MediaSphere

The structural genesis of a complex (MoVW)5O14(MoVW)_5O_{14} oxide during thermal treatments and its redox behavior at elevated temperatures

The structural genesis of a Mo0.68V0.23W0.09 oxide with Mo5O14-like structure has been examined. A precursor prepared by spray-drying of mixed aqueous metal salt solutions was calcined in air and subsequently treated in helium at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, 51V MAS NMR, ESR, UV/Vis DR spectroscopy and oxygen and hydrogen adsorption measurements have been applied to monitor the preparation procedure. It was found that a structure closely related to that of Mo5O14 already appears at nano-scale level after calcination of the spray-dried precursor in air at 350°C. At this stage, the material comprises of crystalline particles less than 3 nm in size stabilized by an amorphous matrix. Further heating causes nano-structural rearrangements that lead to the formation of the final Mo0.68V0.23W0.09 oxide with phase-pure polycrystalline structure. Molybdenum and tungsten ions are hexavalent and coordinated in an octahedral environment. Furthermore, vanadium is present as V4+ and V5+ ions which partially occupy octahedral sites, whereas highly distorted trigonal pyramidal sites could be accommodated in pentagonal bipyramids of the Mo5O14 structure, however, displaced away from the center. According to the results of H2 and O2 adsorption the crystalline ternary oxide does not possess accessible micropores. Oxygen pulses at 450oC and reductive treatment with pure hydrogen at 300oC did not cause noticeable changes of the bulk structure thus indicating a remarkable structural stability of the complex MoVW oxide under redox conditions at elevated temperature

Russian federal clinical guidelines on the diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of osteoporosis [Федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике остеопороза]

Screening using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) is recommended in all postmenopausal woman and mеn over 50 (A1) in order to identify individuals with high probability of fractures. It is recommended to diagnose osteoporosis and start treatment in patients with fragility fracture of large bones of the skeleton and/or high individual probability of major fragility fractures (FRAX) and/or detected decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) up to -2.5 T-score as assessed by DXA in the femoral neck and/or lumbar vertebrae (A1). Patients with back pain, lifetime height loss of 4 cm or height loss of 2 cm since a previous medical examination, those who receive glucocorticoids, patients with long lasting decompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus, or those receiving insulin therapy, as well as patients who were previously diagnosed with fragility fractures at the other sites are advised to underwent standard lateral X-ray imaging of the spine (Th4-L5) in order to verify the presence of compression vertebral fractures (B1). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is recommended for individuals whose 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture (FRAX) falls within the medium risk group (B1). It is recommended to include the trabecular bone score (TBS) the FRAX algorithm in order to improve the sensitivity of this method (B1). Laboratory testing is recommended for the differential diagnosis with other causes of increased skeletal fragility in all patients with newly diagnosed osteoporosis and when previously prescribed antiosteoporostic treatment was ineffective (B1). Bisphosphonates (BPs), antibodies to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-beta ligand (RANKL) (denosumab), or parathyroid hormone analogue (teriparatide) are equally recommended to prevent fragility fractures and increase BMD in patients with osteoporosis (A1). Denosumab is also recommended to prevent BMD loss and fractures in females receiving aromatase inhibitors therapy for breast cancer and males with prostate cancer receiving hormone-deprivation therapy and having no bone metastases (A1). Since teriparatide has the anabolic effect, it is recommended as the first line treatment in patients with severe osteoporosis having history of vertebral fractures, in the individuals with very high risk of fragility fractures, or in the cases when antiresorptive treatment was ineffective (B1). All medications for treatment of osteoporosis are recommended in combination with calcium and vitamin D supplements (A1). Copyright © 2017 by the MediaSpher

Федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике остеопороза

Screening using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) is recommended in all postmenopausal woman and men over 50 (A1) in order to identify individuals with high probability of fractures. It is recommended to diagnose osteoporosis and start treatment in patients with fragility fracture of large bones of the skeleton and/or high individual probability of major fragility fractures (FRAX) and/or detected decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) up to -2.5 T-score as assessed by DXA in the femoral neck and/or lumbar vertebrae (A1). Patients with back pain, lifetime height loss of 4 cm or height loss of 2 cm since a previous medical examination, those who receive glucocorticoids, patients with long lasting decompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus, or those receiving insulin therapy, as well as patients who were previously diagnosed with fragility fractures at the other sites are advised to underwent standard lateral X-ray imaging of the spine (Th4-L5) in order to verify the presence of compression vertebral fractures (B1). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is recommended for individuals whose 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture (FRAX) falls within the medium risk group (B1). It is recommended to include the trabecular bone score (TBS) the FRAX algorithm in order to improve the sensitivity of this method (B1). Laboratory testing is recommended for the differential diagnosis with other causes of increased skeletal fragility in all patients with newly diagnosed osteoporosis and when previously prescribed antiosteoporostic treatment was ineffective (B1). Bisphosphonates (BPs), antibodies to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-beta ligand (RANKL) (denosumab), or parathyroid hormone analogue (teriparatide) are equally recommended to prevent fragility fractures and increase BMD in patients with osteoporosis (A1). Denosumab is also recommended to prevent BMD loss and fractures in females receiving aromatase inhibitors therapy for breast cancer and males with prostate cancer receiving hormone-deprivation therapy and having no bone metastases (A1). Since teriparatide has the anabolic effect, it is recommended as the first line treatment in patients with severe osteoporosis having history of vertebral fractures, in the individuals with very high risk of fragility fractures, or in the cases when antiresorptive treatment was ineffective (B1). All medications for treatment of osteoporosis are recommended in combination with calcium and vitamin D supplements (A1). Copyright © 2017 by the MediaSphere.Скрининг для выявления групп с высокой вероятностью переломов рекомендован с использованием алгоритма FRAX среди всех женщин в постменопаузе и мужчин старше 50 лет (A1). Рекомендуется устанавливать диагноз и назначать терапию остеопороза лицам с низкотравматическим переломом крупных костей скелета, и/или с высокой индивидуальной вероятностью основных низкотравматических переломов (FRAX), и/или при выявленном снижении МПК до -2,5 SD по Т-критерию в шейке бедра и/или поясничных позвонках (А1). Пациентам с болевым синдромом в спине, снижением роста на 4 см в течение жизни или на 2 см при регулярном медицинском контроле, принимающим глюкокортикоиды, больным с длительно некомпенсированным сахарным диабетом 2-го типа или на инсулинотерапии, а также c диагностированными переломами другой локализации рекомендовано проведение стандартного рентгенологического исследования позвоночника (Th4-L5) в боковой проекции для выявления компрессионных переломов тел позвонков (B1). Проведение двухэнергетической рентгеновской денситометрии (DXA) рекомендовано лицам с индивидуальной 10-летней вероятностью переломов (FRAX) в интервале между низкой и высокой вероятностью переломов (B1). Результат трабекулярного костного индекса (ТКИ), полученный в ходе стандартной рентгеновской денситометрии, рекомендуется включать в алгоритм FRAX с целью повышения чувствительности метода (B1). Лабораторные методы исследований рекомендуется проводить всем пациентам с впервые установленным диагнозом остеопороза, а также при неэффективности ранее назначенной терапии с целью дифференциальной диагностики с другими причинами повышенной хрупкости скелета (B1). Для предупреждения низкотравматических переломов и повышения МПК у пациентов с остеопорозом в равной степени рекомендованы бисфосфонаты (БФ), или антитела к лиганду рецептора-активатора ядерного фактора каппа-бета (деносумаб), или аналоги паратгормона (терипаратид) (A1). Деносумаб также рекомендован для предупреждения потери костной массы и переломов при отсутствии костных метастазов у женщин, получающих терапию ингибиторами ароматазы по поводу рака молочной железы, и у мужчин с раком предстательной железы, получающих гормон-депривационную терапию (A1). Ввиду анаболического эффекта терипаратида рекомендуется его использовать в качестве первой линии терапии у пациентов с тяжелым остеопорозом, с уже имеющимися переломами тел позвонков в анамнезе, у лиц с крайне высоким риском низкотравматических переломов, пациентов с неэффективностью предшествующей терапии, а также непереносимостью альтернативного лечения (B1). Все препараты для лечения остеопороза рекомендуется назначать в сочетании с препаратами кальция и витамина D (A1)