Применение корреляционного метода измерений для восстановления профиля скорости с пространственной и временной дискретизацией при исследованиях гидродинамики турбулентных потоков на базе метода матричной кондуктометрии

The correlation method for measuring of the coolant flow rate is used in the operation of nuclear power plants and is widespread in research practice including study of turbulent flows hydrodynamics. However the question of its applicability and possibilities in studies using the matrix conductometry method remains open. Earlier the algorithm for determining of the correlation flow rate using a conductometric measuring system was highlighted and the error of the results obtained was estimated and the dependence of the influence of noise and the time of data collection on the reliability of results was investigated. These works were carried out using two independent mesh sensors and the issue of the resolution of local velocity components was not covered. The purpose of this work was to test the correlation method for measuring velocity with temporal and spatial sampling using two-layer mesh conductometric sensors. As the result velocity cartograms were obtained over the cross-section of the experimental model with quasi-stationary mixing and the value of the average flow rate is in good agreement with the values obtained from the standard flow meters of the stand. Also measurements were carried out at a non-stationary setting of the experiment and realizations of the flow rate and velocity components of the flow at the measuring points were obtained. Analysis of the obtained values allows to conclude about the optimal data collection time for correlation measurements, as well as the reliability of results

Retarded PDI diffusion and a reductive shift in poise of the calcium depleted endoplasmic reticulum

Background: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumenal protein thiol redox balance resists dramatic variation in unfolded protein load imposed by diverse physiological challenges including compromise in the key upstream oxidases. Lumenal calcium depletion, incurred during normal cell signaling, stands out as a notable exception to this resilience, promoting a rapid and reversible shift towards a more reducing poise. Calcium depletion induced ER redox alterations are relevant to physiological conditions associated with calcium signaling, such as the response of pancreatic cells to secretagogues and neuronal activity. The core components of the ER redox machinery are well characterized; however, the molecular basis for the calcium-depletion induced shift in redox balance is presently obscure. Results: In vitro, the core machinery for generating disulfides, consisting of ERO1 and the oxidizing protein disulfide isomerase, PDI1A, was indifferent to variation in calcium concentration within the physiological range. However, ER calcium depletion in vivo led to a selective 2.5-fold decline in PDI1A mobility, whereas the mobility of the reducing PDI family member, ERdj5 was unaffected. In vivo, fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements revealed that declining PDI1A mobility correlated with formation of a complex with the abundant ER chaperone calreticulin, whose mobility was also inhibited by calcium depletion and the calcium depletion-mediated reductive shift was attenuated in cells lacking calreticulin. Measurements with purified proteins confirmed that the PDI1A-calreticulin complex dissociated as Ca2+ concentrations approached those normally found in the ER lumen ([Ca2+] K-0.5max = 190 mu M). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that selective sequestration of PDI1A in a calcium depletion-mediated complex with the abundant chaperone calreticulin attenuates the effective concentration of this major lumenal thiol oxidant, providing a plausible and simple mechanism for the observed shift in ER lumenal redox poise upon physiological calcium depletion.Wellcome Trust [Wellcome 084812/Z/08/Z]; European Commission (EU FP7 Beta-Bat) [277713]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, Portugal [PTDC/QUI-BIQ/119677/2010]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Применение корреляционного метода измерений для восстановления профиля скорости с пространственной и временной дискретизацией при исследованиях гидродинамики турбулентных потоков на базе метода матричной кондуктометрии

The correlation method for measuring of the coolant fl rate is used in the operation of nuclear power plants and is widespread in research practice including study of turbulent fl    hydrodynamics. However the question of its applicability and possibilities in studies using the matrix conductometry method remains open. Earlier the algorithm for determining of the correlation fl rate using a conductometric measuring system was highlighted and the error of the results obtained was estimated and the dependence of the influence of noise and the time of data collection on the reliability of results was investigated. These works were carried out using two independent mesh sensors and the issue of the resolution of local velocity components was not covered. The purpose of this work was to test the correlation method for measuring velocity with temporal and spatial sampling using two-layer mesh conductometric sensors.As the result velocity cartograms were obtained over the cross-section of the experimental model with quasi-stationary mixing and the value of the average flow rate is in good agreement with the values obtained from the standard flow meters of the stand. Also measurements were carried out at a non-stationary setting of the experiment and realizations of the flow rate and velocity components of the flow at the measuring points were obtained.Analysis of the obtained values allows to conclude about the optimal data collection time for correlation measurements, as well as the reliability of results.Корреляционный метод измерения расхода теплоносителя применяется при эксплуатации ядерных энергетических установок и широко распространен в исследовательской практике, в том числе, для изучения гидродинамики турбулентных потоков. Однако вопрос о его применимости и возможностях при исследованиях с использованием метода матричной кондуктометрии остается открытым. В ранее проведенных работах был освещён алгоритм определения корреляционного расхода с использованием кондуктометрической измерительной системы и оценена погрешность полученных результатов, а также была исследована зависимость влияния шума и времени сбора данных на достоверность полученных результатов. Однако, данные работы были проведены с использованием двух независимых сетчатых датчиков и вопрос о разрешении локальных скоростных компонент не был освещён. В связи с этим целью данной работы являлось проведение апробации корреляционного метода измерения скорости с временной и пространственной дискретизацией с использованием двухслойных сетчатых кондуктометрических датчиков.Получены картограммы скорости по сечению экспериментальной модели при квазистационарном смешении, а значение среднерасходной скорости хорошо согласуется со значениями, полученными со штатных расходомеров стенда. Проведены измерения при нестационарной постановке эксперимента и получены реализации расхода и скоростных компонент потока в измерительных точках.Анализ полученных значений позволяет сделать вывод об оптимальном времени сбора данных при корреляционных измерениях, а также о достоверности полученных результатов

EFFICIENCY OF VALVE BRONCHIAL BLOCK AS A PART OF THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF DESTRUCTIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS WITH CONCURRENT HIV INFECTION

Goal of the study: to enhance the efficiency of the comprehensive treatment of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV patients using bronchial valve block.Materials and methods. A study was conducted enrolling two groups of tuberculosis patients with destructive drug resistant pulmonary forms and concurrent HIV infection having comparable clinical and laboratory characteristics. Treatment of the patients in the main group (n = 68) included valve bronchial block. Patients from the comparison group (n = 57) received the same treatment but without valve bronchial block.Results of the study. Adding valve bronchial block to the treatment of tuberculosis is a positive factor confidently promoting sputum conversion (OR = 4.13; 95% CI 3.50-4.75) and healing of cavities (OR = 3.89; 95% CI 3.30-4.48). When using valve bronchial block the healing of cavities made 55.9%, while in the comparison group it made only 24.6%; (p = 0.0004, χ2 ). Sputum conversion was achieved in 75.0%, and in the comparison group, this rate was 42.1% (p = 0.0002, χ2 ). The above rates varied respectively the degree of immunosuppression in the patients

Mixed-power scaling of whole-plant respiration from seedlings to giant trees

The scaling of respiratory metabolism with body mass is one of the most pervasive phenomena in biology. Using a single allometric equation to characterize empirical scaling relationships and to evaluate alternative hypotheses about mechanisms has been controversial. We developed a method to directly measure respiration of 271 whole plants, spanning nine orders of magnitude in body mass, from small seedlings to large trees, and from tropical to boreal ecosystems. Our measurements include the roots, which have often been ignored. Rather than a single power-law relationship, our data are fit by a biphasic, mixed-power function. The allometric exponent varies continuously from 1 in the smallest plants to 3/4 in larger saplings and trees. Therefore, our findings support the recent findings of Reich et al. [Reich PB, Tjoelker MG, Machado JL, Oleksyn J (2006) Universal scaling of respiratory metabolism, size, and nitrogen in plants. Nature 439:457–461] and West, Brown, and Enquist [West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1997) A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122 -126.]. The transition from linear to 3/4-power scaling may indicate fundamental physical and physiological constraints on the allocation of plant biomass between photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organs over the course of ontogenetic plant growth