Airfoil shape for flight at subsonic speeds

An airfoil is examined that has an upper surface shaped to control flow accelerations and pressure distribution over the upper surface and to prevent separation of the boundary layer due to shock wave formulation at high subsonic speeds well above the critical Mach number. A highly cambered trailing edge section improves overall airfoil lifting efficiency. Diagrams illustrating supersonic flow and shock waves over the airfoil are shown

Advanced Transonic Aerodynamic Technology

Supercritical airfoils and their applications to wings for various types of aircraft are studied. The various wings discussed were designed for a subsonic jet transport with increased speed, a variable sweep fighter with greater transonic maneuverability, a high subsonic speed STOL jet transport with improved low speed characteristics, and a subsonic jet transport with substantially improved aerodynamic efficiency. Results of wind tunnel and flight demonstration investigations are described. Also discussed are refinements of the transonic area rule concept and methods for reducing the aerodynamic interference between engine nacelles and wings at high subsonic speeds

A design approach and selected wind tunnel results at high subsonic speeds for wing-tip mounted winglets

Winglets, which are small, nearly vertical, winglike surfaces, substantially reduce drag coefficients at lifting conditions. The primary winglet surfaces are rearward above the wing tips; secondary surfaces are forward below the wing tips. This report presents a discussion of the considerations involved in the design of the winglets; measured effects of these surfaces on the aerodynamic forces, moments, and loads for a representative first generation, narrow body jet transport wing; and a comparison of these effects with those for a wing tip extension which results in approximately the same increase in bending moment at the wing-fuselage juncture as did the addition of the winglets