Formulation and in Vitro Characterization of Ciprofloxacin HCL Floating Tablets

INTRODUCTION:Gastro retentive Drug Delivery System Since the last three decades many drug molecules formulated as Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS) have been patented keeping in view its commercial success. The bioavailability of drugs with an absorption window in the upper part of the GIT (gastro intestinal tract) is generally limited with conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms. These drugs can be delivered ideally by slow release from the stomach to give a localized effect at the site of action. Improved efficacy is expected for drugs that are used in the treatment of gastric disorders like ulcers and bacterial infections (H.pylori that resides in the antral region of stomach behind the mucosal layer). Many drugs categorized as once-a-day delivery have been demonstrated to have suboptimal absorption due to dependence on the transit time of the dosage form, making traditional extended release development challenging. Therefore, a system designed for longer gastric retention will extend the time within which drug absorption can occur.AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Ciprofloxacin Hcl is commonly known as broad spectrum antibiotic medicine which is used to treat infections caused by gram positive and gram negative microorganism. These also prescribed in treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections. Ciprofloxacin conventional tablets have been used from long period of time for the treatment of bacterial infections.CiprofloxacinHcl is an acidic drug which is primarily absorbed in stomach. The bioavailability of Ciprofloxacin is 69% and its half life is 4 hours. The present investigation of work is to prepare Ciprofloxacin floating tablets by using polymers like HPMC K4M, Eudragit 100S, guar gum, and the prepared tablets are characterized by using different evaluation parameters like buoyancy lag time, floating time, in-vitro drug release, uniformity of drug content, hardness, friability etc.And the best suited formulation of Ciprofloxacin Hcl is compared with marketed product. To improve half life which shows prolong action of drug in controlled manner for long period in stomach. To increase bioavailability of drug by increasing gastric residue time. Ciprofloxacin floating tablets are used to decrease dose frequency of drug also avoid fluctuations that cost by conventional tablets and also it helps to reduce the adverse effects caused by ciprofloxacin at higher doses.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:Hydrodynamically balanced tablets of Ciprofloxacin Hcl can be formulated with an approach to increase gastric residence and thereby improves drug bioavailability to the developed floating tablets of Ciprofloxacin Hcl using natural and synthetic polymer HPMC K4M, Eudragit 100S and guar gum with Sodium bicarbonate combination and citric acid as gas generating agent was prepared by wet granulation technique (F1- F7) was achieved. Preformulation studies for drug such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio were performed and the result showed that all the parameters are within the limits Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and evaluated for generalappearance, hardness test, friability test, uniformity in weight, drug content estimation. All the formulations were found to be good appearance without showing any chipping, capping and sticking defects and other parameters were also passedthe test. FTIR Spectroscopic studies indicated that the drug is compatible with all excipients and there is no drug- polymer interactions. When comparing all formulation F4 showed optimized drug release of 98.86% at the end of 12 hours. These optimized F4 formulation showed buoyancy lag time of 134 sec. and floating time of.12.5 hrs respectively. Data obtained from kinetic treatment revealed F4 formulations follow Koresmayerpeppas model. The ‘n’ value is 0.861 indicates the non Fickian diffusion. From the comparative study of optimized formulation of Ciprofloxacin Hcl (F4) with marketed product (Cipro XR 500mg) shows that F4 is have greater release than marketed product All the formulations were subjected for stability studies for 45 days at different temperatures such as room temperature, fridge temperature and acclerated temperature (45C2C). At 15 days interval upto 45 days, the drug content and dissolution studies were carried out. There was no significant change in the drug content and invitro drug release From the above study, it was concluded that Ciprofloxacin Hcl can formulated as Floating drug delivery system which helps to increase gastric residence timethere by it increases the bioavailability and half life of Ciprofloxacin Hcl

KAJIAN PENERAPAN SISTEM TATA KELOLA TERHADAP USULAN PENGEMBANGAN SEKOLAH DI KABUPATEN SORONG

Bangunan gedung sekolah merupakan prasarana yang sangat penting dalam mendukung suksesnya program pendidikan. Kondisi fisik bangunan sekolah yang memenuhi standar dan didukung dengan sarana-prasarana yang memadai menjadi tolak ukur kualitas/mutu sekolah. Penelitian ini mengkaji penerapan sistem Tata Kelola terhadap usulan pengembangan sekolah di Kabupaten Sorong. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan pendekatan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dimana hasil survey, wawancara dan kuisioner diolah dengan menggunakan SPSS dan AHP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat faktor-faktor pendukung dan kekurangan dalam penerapan sistem Tata Kelola terhadap usulan sekolah di Kabupaten Sorong baik dari data Dapodik sekolah, software/aplikasi Tata Kelola, jaringan internet, dan pelatihan/Bimtek. Perbaikan kerusakan bangunan sekolah sebagaimana yang dimaksud adalah pemeliharaan rutin mulai dari pengecatan sampai dengan tingkat yang relatif tinggi dalam upaya untuk memenuhi tingkat standarisasi ruang/bangunan perlu disesuaikan dengan klasifikasi tingkat kerusakan yang dijadikan dasar dalam menentukan kebijakan oleh pihak manajemen sekolah atau Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Sorong. Model aplikasi sistem Tata Kelola dalam penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran tentang sistem Tata Kelola terhadap usulan pengembangan sekolah di Kabupaten Sorong. Kata Kunci: Sistem Tata Kelola, usulan sekolah, Kabupaten Sorong, kerusakan bangunan

MODEL STRATEGI PERJANJIAN KONTRAK FIDIC DAN KONTRAK NASIONAL PADA KONTRAKTOR IJO DALAM PROYEK INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN TOL MANADO-BITUNG

Pembangunan jalan Tol Manado-Bitung adalah kerja sama patungan yang melibatkan kontraktor domestik dan kontraktor asing untuk mengerjakan sebuah proyek bersama-sama dalam waktu yang telah ditetapkan dalam kontrak, yang lebih dikenal dengan Internasional Joint Operation. Kerja sama ini memerlukan standar kontrak yang menjadi acuan untuk memulai rangkaian proyek. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi perjanjian kontrak FIDIC dan Kontrak Nasional pada Kontraktor IJO Proyek Infrastruktur Jalan Tol Manado-Bitung.Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif dimana hasil survey, kuisioner dan wawancara diolah dengan metode analisa SWOT.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa:dalam kerja sama Internasional Joint Operation pada proyek Tol 1 bentuk kontrak adalah FIDIC, sedang pada proyek Tol 2 menggunakan kontrak Nasional, sehingga kualitas dokumen kontrak yang digunakan juga mempunyai kerangka masing-masing sebagai acuan kerja. Faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi salah satu kinerja proyek adalah adanya potensi sengketa; dan berdasarkan Analisa SWOT, model strategi penerapan perjanjian kontrak FIDIC pada Tol 1 dan Kontrak Nasional pada Tol 2 sudah tepat dengan mempertimbangkan jenis sengketa dan penyebab sengketa dalam pelaksanaan proyek.  Kata Kunci: Tol Manado-Bitung, kontrak, kerja sama, kontraktor domestic, kontraktor asing, IJO, FIDIC, SWO

Orbiting Astronomical Satellite for Investigating Stellar Systems (OASIS): following the water trail from the interstellar medium to oceans

Orbiting Astronomical Satellite for Investigating Stellar Systems (OASIS) is a space-based, MIDEX-class mission concept that employs a 17-meter diameter inflatable aperture with cryogenic heterodyne receivers, enabling high sensitivity and high spectral resolution (resolving power ≥106) observations at terahertz frequencies. OASIS science is targeting submillimeter and far-infrared transitions of H2O and its isotopologues, as well as deuterated molecular hydrogen (HD) and other molecular species from 660 to 80 μm, which are inaccessible to ground-based telescopes due to the opacity of Earth’s atmosphere. OASIS will have <20x the collecting area and ~5x the angular resolution of Herschel, and it complements the shorter wavelength capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope. With its large collecting area and suite of terahertz heterodyne receivers, OASIS will have the sensitivity to follow the water trail from galaxies to oceans, as well as directly measure gas mass in a wide variety of astrophysical objects from observations of the ground-state HD line. OASIS will operate in a Sun-Earth L1 halo orbit that enables observations of large numbers of galaxies, protoplanetary systems, and solar system objects during the course of its 1-year baseline mission. OASIS embraces an overarching science theme of “following water from galaxies, through protostellar systems, to oceans.” This theme resonates with the NASA Astrophysics Roadmap and the 2010 Astrophysics Decadal Survey, and it is also highly complementary to the proposed Origins Space Telescope’s objectives

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Penilaian Kinerja Pegawai Berdasarkan Prestasi Kerja pada PDAM Surya Sembada Kota Surabaya

PDAM Surya Sembada is a local company that is responsible for providing clean water in the city of Surabaya. As a local company that is responsible for serving the community, then PDAM Surya Sembada seeks to monitor the development of enterprise organizations that are useful to improve the quality of the company.To see the development of an organization is to assess the performance of Human Resources (HR), its called the assessment of performance based employee performance. Performance appraisal results can indicate whether HR (employees) on stretcher organization has met the objectives / targets as requested by the organization, both in quantity and quality, how the behavior of employees in carrying out their work, how the use of working time and so on.The benefits obtained by the application of employee performance evaluation based on job performance, among other things: work units can take into account the results of the work program achievement compared with the results achieved, the expected performance of employees will be more measurable, their feedback to improve performance, and the monitoring and evaluation of leadership in order to improve employee performance

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Not AvailableThrough balanced application of nutrients by adopting integrated nutrient management (INM) involving organic manures, chemical fertilizers and bio fertilizers or by application of large quantities of organic manures, the deficiency problems due to micronutrients especially B can be avoided. In a State like Kerala, where the cultivable land area is limited and farmers are resorting to intensive farming either through multiple cropping or continuous cropping in the same field, it is inevitable to adopt INM so that the nutrient deficiency problems can be managed to a great extent. If any such deficiency disorders especially that of B is noticed, better to adopt the corrective measures suggested earlierNot Availabl