Metsä- ja porotalouden yhteensovittaminen Lapissa:luppojäkälien esiintymiseen vaikuttavat tekijät jatkuvan kasvatuksen metsissä

Tiivistelmä. Metsä- ja porotalouden yhteensovittamisesta on kiistelty Lapissa jo pitkään, ja erimielisyyksiä on syntynyt erityisesti metsätalouden aiheuttamista vahingoista porojen talviravinnolle, luppojäkälälle. Jatkuvan kasvatuksen menetelmien on osoitettu olevan varteenotettavia vaihtoehtoja metsä- ja porotalouden yhteensovittamiselle. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa selvitettiin, mitkä asiat vaikuttavat luppojäkälien esiintymiseen jatkuvan kasvatuksen metsissä. Tutkimus toteutettiin analysoimalla vuosina 2019 ja 2020 kerättyjä aineistoja 28:lta Metsähallituksen jatkuvan kasvatuksen kokeiluhakkuulta Lapin metsätalousalueelta. Aineistoon oli kerätty puusto- ja kasvillisuustiedot sekä arvioitu luppojäkälän määrä puista kolmessa eri korkeusvyöhykkeessä (5 m). Aineiston analysoinnissa hyödynnettiin yleistettyä lineaarista sekamallia (GLMM), ja mallit laadittiin R-ohjelmistolla. Analyysissä testattiin 37 muuttujaa, joiden lisäksi alueen, puulajin, hakkuutavan ja rungon osan vaikutukset sekä kahdenkeskiset yhdysvaikutukset testattiin. Tulosten tärkeimmät havainnot olivat, että hakkuista kuluneiden vuosien määrä, rungon paksuus ja metsikön pohjapinta-ala kasvattivat luppojäkälien esiintymisen todennäköisyyttä. Lisäksi alueen kuivuutta indikoiva maajäkälien peittävyys vähensi luppojäkälien todennäköisyyttä. Kuusessa esiintyi suurimmalla todennäköisyydellä luppojäkäliä, ja alueittain suurin todennäköisyys saavutettiin Etelä- ja Länsi-Lapissa. Pienaukkohakkuu ylläpiti luppojäkäliä hieman poimintahakkuita paremmin. Tutkielma osoittaa, että metsä- ja porotalouden yhteensovittamiseksi Lapin talousmetsissä tulisi pyrkiä säästämään suuria puita, jonka lisäksi pohjapinta-alaa ja hakkuukiertoa tulisi pitää mahdollisimman korkeina. Koska jatkuvan kasvatuksen lähtökohtana ovat lyhyet hakkuukierrot, tulisi jäkälärikkaita alueita säästää hakkuilta ja porojen pääsy niihin turvata. Tulosten mukaan pienaukkohakkuut voisivat olla metsä- ja porotalouden yhteensovittamisen kannalta toimiva menetelmä, sillä ne pitävät ainakin osan metsiköstä kauemmin koskemattomana. Monikäyttömetsissä tulisi aina pyrkiä valitsemaan metsänkäyttömenetelmä sen mukaan, mihin kyseinen metsikkö parhaiten soveltuu. Lisäksi eri metsänkäyttömenetelmien vaihtelu on tärkeää, sillä mikään yksi menetelmä ei toimi kaikkialla ja kaikkia tavoitteita ajatellen

Lifetime serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH) is associated with hand grip strengths: insight from a Mendelian randomisation

Clinical trials have suggested that increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) has positive effect on hand grip strength. This Mendelian randomisation (MR) was implemented using summary-level data from the largest genome-wide association studies on vitamin D (n = 73,699) and hand grip strength. Inverse variance weighted method (IVW) was used to estimate the causal estimates. Weighted median (WM)-based method, MR-Egger and leave-one-out were applied as sensitivity analysis. Results showed that genetically higher-serum 25(OH)D levels had a positive effect on both right hand grip (IVW = Beta: 0.038, P = 0.030) and left hand grip (IVW = Beta: 0.034, P = 0.036). There was a low likelihood (statistically insignificant) of heterogeneity and pleiotropy, and the observed associations were not driven by single single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Furthermore, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier did not highlight any outliers. In conclusion, our results highlighted the causal and beneficial effect of serum 25(OH) D on right- and left-hand grip strengths

Obesity is associated with early hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women: a 25-year follow-up.

Funder: Juho Vainion Säätiö; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004037Funder: Pohjois-Savon Rahasto; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005432Funder: Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006306UNLABELLED: Association of body mass index and hip fracture has been controversial. In this study, women with lowest and highest body weight had the highest fracture incidence. A 25-year follow-up indicated that obesity associates with early hip fracture risk and suggested increasing trend in normal-weight women at a later stage. INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a pandemic health issue. Its association with hip fracture risk remains controversial. We studied the long-term relationship of body mass index and hip fracture incidence in postmenopausal women. METHODS: The cohort of 12,715 Finnish women born in 1932-1941 was followed for 25 years, covering ages from 58 up to 83. Fractures and deaths were obtained from national registries. Women were investigated in deciles of BMI as well as in WHO weight categories (normal, overweight, or obese). The follow-up analysis was carried out in two age strata as "early" (58-70 years) and "late" (> 70 years). Body weight information was updated accordingly. Femoral neck BMD was recorded for a subsample (n = 3163). Altogether, 427 hip fractures were observed. RESULTS: A higher risk of early hip fracture was observed in obese and normal-weight compared with overweight women with hazard ratios (HRs) of 2.3 ((95% CI) 1.4-3.7) and 2.0 (1.3-3.1) while no difference was observed in late hip fracture risk between the three WHO categories (log rank p = 0.14). All-cause mortality during the follow-up was 19.3%. Compared with normal weight women, the obese women had a higher risk of death with an HR of 1.6 (1.4-1.8) and higher baseline BMD (p < 0.001). Faster bone loss was observed in the obese compared with other women (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Obesity associates with earlier hip fracture and higher postfracture mortality. The obese women with low BMD have clearly the highest risk of hip fracture. This combination increases hip fracture risk more than either of the factors alone. After 75 years of age, risk appears to increase more in normal weight women, but this trend is in need of further confirmation

Dietary protein intake is associated with better physical function and muscle strength among elderly women

Dietary protein intake might be beneficial to physical function (PF) in the elderly. We examined the cross-sectional and prospective associations of protein intake of g/kg body weight (BW), fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) with PF in 554 women aged 65·3–71·6 years belonging to the Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Fracture Prevention Study. Participants filled a questionnaire on lifestyle factors and 3-d food record in 2002. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and PF measures were performed at baseline and at 3-year follow-up. Sarcopaenia was defined using European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria. At the baseline, women with higher protein intake (≥1·2 g/kg BW) had better performance in hand-grip strength/body mass (GS/BM) (P=0·001), knee extension/BM (P=0·003), one-leg stance (P=0·047), chair rise (P=0·043), squat (P=0·019), squat to the ground (P=0·001), faster walking speed for 10 m (P=0·005) and higher short physical performance battery score (P=0·004) compared with those with moderate and lower intakes (0·81–1·19 and ≤0·8 g/kg BW, respectively). In follow-up results, higher protein intake was associated with less decline in GS/BM, one-leg stance and tandem walk for 6 m over 3 years. Overall, results were no longer significant after controlling for FM. Associations were detected between protein intake and PF in non-sarcopaenic women but not in sarcopaenic women, except for change of GS (P=0·037). Further, FM but not LM was negatively associated with PF measures (P<0·050). This study suggests that higher protein intake and lower FM might be positively associated with PF in elderly women

Higher protein intake is associated with a lower likelihood of frailty among older women, Kuopio OSTPRE-Fracture Prevention Study.

PurposeNordic nutrition recommendations (2012) suggest protein intake ≥ 1.1 g/kg body weight (BW) to preserve physical function in Nordic older adults. However, no published study has used this cut-off to evaluate the association between protein intake and frailty. This study examined associations between protein intake, and sources of protein intake, with frailty status at the 3-year follow-up.MethodsParticipants were 440 women aged 65─72 years enrolled in the Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention-Fracture Prevention Study. Protein intake g/kg BW and g/d was calculated using a 3-day food record at baseline 2003─4. At the 3-year follow-up (2006─7), frailty phenotype was defined as the presence of three or more, and prefrailty as the presence of one or two, of the Fried criteria: low grip strength adjusted for body mass index, low walking speed, low physical activity, exhaustion was defined using a low life-satisfaction score, and weight loss > 5% of BW. The association between protein intake, animal protein and plant protein, and frailty status was examined by multinomial regression analysis adjusting for demographics, chronic conditions, and total energy intake.ResultsAt the 3-year follow-up, 36 women were frail and 206 women were prefrail. Higher protein intake ≥ 1.1 g/kg BW was associated with a lower likelihood of prefrailty (OR = 0.45 and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.01-0.73) and frailty (OR = 0.09 and CI = 0.01-0.75) when compared to protein intake ConclusionsProtein intake ≥ 1.1 g/kg BW and higher intake of animal protein may be beneficial to prevent the onset of frailty in older women

Physical activity and Baltic Sea diet are interactively related to higher life satisfaction in community-living older Finnish women: OSTPRE-FPS study

A healthful diet and sufficient physical activity (PA) are related to several health outcomes. However, there is a paucity of data on the association of PA and dietary pattern with life satisfaction (LS) in the older adults aged ≥65. The present study investigated the independent and combined association of PA and Baltic Sea diet (BSD) score with LS in older Finnish women. Subjects were 554 women aged 65–72 years from the Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention – Fracture Prevention Study. Women reported the hours and type of PA and lifestyle factors via questionnaires and dietary intake using the 3-d food record. Adequate PA was considered according to WHO recommendation: PA = 0, 0 < PA < 2·5 and ≥2·5 h/week. BSD score was categorised as <13 or ≥13 based on the median score. LS was self-reported using LS scale with four items on current ‘interest’, ‘happiness in life’, ‘ease of living’ and ‘feelings of loneliness’ (range: 4–20, lower score representing higher satisfaction). After adjusting for the confounders, PA was statistically significantly associated with lower LS score (β coefficient = −0·207, P = 0·001), where women with PA ≥ 2·5 h/week had the lowest LS score followed by women with 0 < PA < 2·5 and PA = 0 (Pfor trend = 0·020). Association between BSD and LS was NS. Only among women with BSD score ≥ 13, but not BSD < 13, PA ≥ 2·5 h/week was statistically significantly associated with lower LS score (mean = 9·3), followed by 0 < PA < 2·5 (mean = 9·9) and PA = 0 groups (mean = 11·8) (Pfor trend = 0·033). In conclusion, adequate PA according to WHO recommendation independently and in combination with higher BSD score may be associated with higher LS in older women.final draftpeerReviewe

Cross-Calibration of GE Healthcare Lunar Prodigy and iDXA Dual-Energy X-Ray Densitometers for Bone Mineral Measurements

In long-term prospective studies, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) devices need to be inevitably changed. It is essential to assess whether systematic differences will exist between measurements with the new and old device. A group of female volunteers (21–72 years) underwent anteroposterior lumbar spine L2–L4 (n=72), proximal femur (n=72), and total body (n=62) measurements with the Prodigy and the iDXA scanners at the same visit. The bone mineral density (BMD) measurements with these two scanners showed a high linear association at all tested sites (r=0.962–0.995; p<0.0001). The average iDXA BMD values were 1.5%, 0.5%, and 0.9% higher than those of Prodigy for lumbar spine (L2–L4) (p<0.0001), femoral neck (p=0.048), and total hip (p<0.0001), respectively. Total body BMD values measured with the iDXA were −1.3% lower (p<0.0001) than those measured with the Prodigy. For total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck, the BMD differences as measured with these two devices were independent of subject height and weight. Linear correction equations were developed to ensure comparability of BMD measurements obtained with both DXA scanners. Importantly, use of equations from previous studies would have increased the discrepancy between these particular DXA scanners, especially at hip and at spine