Ural engineering school: design of professional mobility of future graduates

The article discusses the possibilities of the project «Ural engineering school» (implemented in the SBEI SR «UMMC») to ensure the professional mobility of the future specialist, describes the model of the engineering school, its conceptual basisВ статье рассматриваются возможности проекта «Уральская инженерная школа» (реализуемого в ГБПОУ СО «УрГЗК») для обеспечения профессиональной мобильности будущего специалиста, описывается модель инженерной школы, её концептуальная основ

Skewed X-inactivation is common in the general female population

X-inactivation is a well-established dosage compensation mechanism ensuring that X-chromosomal genes are expressed at comparable levels in males and females. Skewed X-inactivation is often explained by negative selection of one of the alleles. We demonstrate that imbalanced expression of the paternal and maternal X-chromosomes is common in the general population and that the random nature of the X-inactivation mechanism can be sufficient to explain the imbalance. To this end, we analyzed blood-derived RNA and whole-genome sequencing data from 79 female children and their parents from the Genome of the Netherlands project. We calculated the median ratio of the paternal over total counts at all X-chromosomal heterozygous single-nucleotide variants with coverage ≥10. We identified two individuals where the same X-chromosome was inactivated in all cells. Imbalanced expression of the two X-chromosomes (ratios ≤0.35 or ≥0.65) was observed in nearly 50% of the population. The empirically observed skewing is explained by a theoretical model where X-inactivation takes place in an embryonic stage in which eight cells give rise to the hematopoietic compartment. Genes escaping X-inactivation are expressed from both alleles and therefore demonstrate less skewing than inactivated genes. Using this characteristic, we identified three novel escapee genes (SSR4, REPS2, and SEPT6), but did not find support for many previously reported escapee genes in blood. Our collective data suggest that skewed X-inactivation is common in the general population. This may contribute to manifestation of symptoms in carriers of recessive X-linked disorders. We recommend that X-inactivation results should not be used lightly in the interpretation of X-linked variants

Skewed X-inactivation is common in the general female population

X-inactivation is a well-established dosage compensation mechanism ensuring that X-chromosomal genes are expressed at comparable levels in males and females. Skewed X-inactivation is often explained by negative selection of one of the alleles. We demonstrate that imbalanced expression of the paternal and maternal X-chromosomes is common in the general population and that the random nature of the X-inactivation mechanism can be sufficient to explain the imbalance. To this end, we analyzed blood-derived RNA and whole-genome sequencing data from 79 female children and their parents from the Genome of the Netherlands project. We calculated the median ratio of the paternal over total counts at all X-chromosomal heterozygous single-nucleotide variants with coverage ≥10. We identified two individuals where the same X-chromosome was inactivated in all cells. Imbalanced expression of the two X-chromosomes (ratios ≤0.35 or ≥0.65) was observed in nearly 50% of the population. The empirically observed skewing is explained by a theoretical model where X-inactivation takes place in an embryonic stage in which eight cells give rise to the hematopoietic compartment. Genes escaping X-inactivation are expressed from both alleles and therefore demonstrate less skewing than inactivated genes. Using this characteristic, we identified three novel escapee genes (SSR4, REPS2, and SEPT6), but did not find support for many previously reported escapee genes in blood. Our collective data suggest that skewed X-inactivation is common in the general population. This may contribute to manifestation of symptoms in carriers of recessive X-linked disorders. We recommend that X-inactivation results should not be used lightly in the interpretation of X-linked variants

Vegetation Fuel Mapping

All vegetation sites as objects of burning are structural complexes of various fuels. Especially complex are forest biogeoceonoses. For practical use, pyrological characteristics of vegetation are reflected on plans and maps showing both general one-sided estimations with site descriptions (for example, their fire hazard) and detailed multi-sided characteristics of all compounds in the vegetation fuel complexes. The latter become basic maps for obtaining various pyrological estimations and are called vegetation fuel maps. Vegetation fuel (VF) mapping can be made using two methodological approaches: first, by distinguishing pyrological vegetation categories as standard complexes; second, by individually characterizing each vegetation site in terms of VF. Obviously, the standard VF characteristic of sites can be only approximate and rough, since the possible number of studied site categories is limited. For large-scale mapping, the detailed individual characteristic of vegetation sites in terms of VF is more preferable and precise but more expensive. Therefore, historically, the first approach to VF mapping got its development, i. e. distinguishing and mapping of certain vegetation categories with standard characteristics. Foreign and Russian methodical approaches to vegetation fuel (VF) classification and mapping are considered. Examples of VF mapping at different scales and guidelines for their use are given

Regional scales of fire danger rating in the forest: improved technique

Wildland fires distribute unevenly in time and over area under the influence of weather and other factors. It is unfeasible to air patrol the whole forest area daily during a fire season as well as to keep all fire suppression forces constantly alert. Daily work and preparedness of forest fire protection services is regulated by the level of fire danger according to weather conditions (Nesterov’s index. PV-1 index), fire hazard class (Melekhov’s scale), regional scales (earlier called local scales). Unfortunately, there is still no unified comparable technique of making regional scales. As a result, it is difficult to maneuver forest fire protection resources, since the techniques currently used are not approved and not tested for their performance. They give fire danger rating incomparable even for neighboring regions. The paper analyzes the state-of-the-art in Russia and abroad. It is stated the irony is that with factors of fire danger measured quantitatively, the fire danger itself as a function has no quantitative expression. Thus, selection of an absolute criteria is of high importance for improvement of daily fire danger rating. On the example of the Chunsky forest ranger station (Krasnoyarsk Krai), an improved technique is suggested of making comparable local scales of forest fire danger rating based on an absolute criterion of fire danger rating – a probable density of active fires per million ha. A method and an algorithm are described of automatized local scales of fire danger that should facilitate effective creation of similar scales for any forest ranger station or aviation regional office using a database on forest fires and weather conditions. The information system of distant monitoring by Federal Forestry Agency of Russia is analyzed for its application in making local scales. To supplement the existing weather station net it is suggested that automatic compact weather stations or, if the latter is not possible, simple weather observation points should be organized in forest ranger stations and aviation bases for obtaining up-to-date weather information

Kazakhstan Altai: vegetation fire protection of larch forests

Possibility is considered for improvement of fire protection in larch forests of the Kazakhstan Altai. It is proposed to predict the occurrence of fires and their behavior based on vegetation fuel maps using the computer program for predicting vegetation fire behavior, including fire spread rate, development, immediate effects and assessment of manpower and means to suppress the fire. The vegetation fuel maps (VF maps) are based on the pyrological description of forest types and other categories of sites, as well as on the VF classification developed at the V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch. Vegetation of the Kazakhstan Altai has never been described this way before. For the first time, the larch forest types of this region have been analyzed in terms of the types of primary fire carriers (PFC types), thus making it possible to predict flammability of vegetation plots taking into account weather dynamics. The PFC types in the Kazakhstan Altai larch forests have been identified by analyzing regional descriptions of forest types present in the forestry inventory plan. There is a brief description of the computer programs for making VF maps (PGM) and for predicting fire spread rate, intensity, development and effects (PGM2). A performance test is given to both programs on the example of the Markakolsky Forestry District: examples of VF maps for different periods of the fire season are given and behavior of a conditionally specified surface fire is analyzed. The use of these developments in practice will significantly increase the efficiency of firefighting equipment and financial means, as it will contribute to making optimal decisions in cases of several fires being active and insufficient fire suppression means and manpower available. In some cases, behavior prediction of active fires may prove that there is no need to immediately suppress them