The single dominant party system and political development: Case studies of India and Japan

This is an attempt to compare the processes of political development in India and Japan. The two states have been chosen because of some common features: these two Asian countries have preserved their own cultures despite certain degrees of modernisation; both have maintained a system of parliamentary democracy based on free electoral competition and universal franchise; both political systems are characterised by the prevalence of a single dominant party system. The primary objective of this analysis is to test the relevance of Western theories of political development. Three hypotheses have been formulated: on the relationship between economic growth and social modernisation on the one hand and political development on the other; on the establishment of a "nation-state" as a prerequisite for political development; and on the relationship between political stability and political development. For the purpose of testing these hypotheses, the two countries serve as good models because of their vastly different socio-economic conditions: the different levels of modernisation and economic growth; the homogeneity-heterogeneity dichotomy; and the frequency of political conflict. In conclusion, Japan is an apoliticised society in consequence of the imbalance between its political and economic development. By contrast, the Indian political system is characterised by an ever-increasing demand for participation, with which current levels of institutionalisation cannot keep pace. The respective single dominant parties have thus played opposing roles, i.e. of apoliticising society in the case of Japan while encouraging participation in that of India. The results of this comparative study indicate that a high rate of economic growth does not necessarily lead to political development, that legitimacy is a more important factor in achieving national integration, and that the frequency of political conflict is in some cases a sign of an increase in participation

Migrated Avalon Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannula: How to Adjust Without Interruption of Flow.

The Avalon dual lumen cannula is presently the cannula of choice for veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) via right internal jugular cannulation. This cannula establishes VV-ECMO with a single cannulation; however, it requires appropriate positioning to gain adequate oxygenation. Malposition of this cannula can cause inadequate ECMO flow, hypoxia, and structural injury. We have experienced two cases of migration: one into the hepatic vein and the other into the right ventricle. The former was repositioned using echocardiographic guidance without using a guidewire. The latter was repositioned using a guidewire from the femoral vein under fluoroscopy, without antegrade wire placement into the Avalon cannula, discontinuation of ECMO, or bleeding

First-principles study on field evaporation for silicon atom on Si(001) surface

The simulations of field-evaporation processes for silicon atoms on various Si(001) surfaces are implemented using the first-principles calculations based on the real-space finite-difference method. We find that the atoms which locate on atomically flat Si(001) surfaces and at step edges are easily removed by applying external electric field, and the threshold value of the external electric field for evaporation of atoms on atomically flat Si(001) surfaces, which is predicted between 3.0 and 3.5 V/\AA, is in agreement with the experimental data of 3.8 V/\AA. In this situation, the local field around an evaporating atom does not play a crucial role. This result is instead interpreted in terms of the bond strength between an evaporating atom and surface.Comment: 5 pages and 4 figure

Transport properties in network models with perfectly conducting channels

We study the transport properties of disordered electron systems that contain perfectly conducting channels. Two quantum network models that belong to different universality classes, unitary and symplectic, are simulated numerically. The perfectly conducting channel in the unitary class can be realized in zigzag graphene nano-ribbons and that in the symplectic class is known to appear in metallic carbon nanotubes. The existence of a perfectly conducting channel leads to novel conductance distribution functions and a shortening of the conductance decay length.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, proceedings of LT2

Si/Ge hole-tunneling double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes formed on sputtered flat Ge layers

We have demonstrated Si/Ge hole-tunneling double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) formed on flat Ge layers with a relaxation rate of 89% by our proposed method; in this method, the flat Ge layers can be directly formed on highly B-doped Si(001) substrates using our proposed sputter epitaxy method. The RTDs exhibit clear negative differential resistance effects in the static current–voltage (I–V) curves at room temperature. The quantized energy level estimation suggests that resonance peaks that appeared in the I–V curves are attributed to hole tunneling through the first heavy- and light-hole energy levels

Direct administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin into guinea pig cochleae: Effects on physiological and histological measurements

<p>Cochlear response measurements from two different animals made before (red) and after (blue) treatment with HPβCD (Panel A) and TTX (Panel B) to 80 dB SPL 4 kHz tone bursts. Cochlear response waveform maintained CAP-like morphology after HPβCD treatment, consistent with reduced mechanical drive to neural excitation (Panel B, blue). In contrast, response waveform is EPSP-like following TTX treatment. Unlike TTX, results from HPβCD do not support the hypothesis that the auditory nerve is a site of action for 13 mM HPβCD.</p