Development of a novel color inhomogeneity test method for injection molded parts

Abstract Nowadays most research and development concerning injection molded products are focused on their mechanical properties although visual appeal plays an even more important role on the market. There are several standards and recommendations for the testing of mechanical properties, but appearance cannot be quantified easily. The visual aspects are almost completely neglected, and there is not a commonly accepted method for measuring color inhomogeneity. The appearance and color homogeneity of injection molded parts depends on the coloring method itself, the applied technology and several other conditions. The method used nowadays to evaluate color inhomogeneity is based on visual inspection by humans. This research focuses on developing a new and automated method that can replace visual inspection. The functionality and precision of the new method and software have been tested and compared with visual inspection to prove its applicability

Earthquake activity and hazard in the Carpathian Basin I

The seismicity and seismic hazard of the Carpathian Basin are studied in this paper based on a recent comprehensive database cataloging over 20 thousands earthquakes between 456 and 1995. The epicentre distributions of these events indicate the geographical positions of the most active tectonic processes in the region. Among them the south-eastern bend of the Carpathians (Háromszék-Vrancea zone, Romania) and the area of south-eastern Alps have the highest seismic activity. The former source area is very specific by its strong seismicity from the intermediate depth domain (70-170 km). The intermediate-depth sources are deepening nearly vertically but in somewhat SW direction and the separation of the crustal earthquakes from the events connected to the lithospheric plate subsiding into the astenosphere is well observed at about 50 km, which is the depth of the Mohorovičić discontinuity (MOHO) in this region. The lithospheric plate subsiding to the depth of 150-200 km is supposed to be disconnected around 50 km. Some weakness of this slab can also be assumable based on the lower seismic activity observed between 100-120 km

Earthquake magnitude realtionship in the region of the Carpathian-Pannonian Basin

In the region of the Carpathian-Pannonian Basin (44–50N; 13–28E) 81 earthquakes have moment magnitude (M w ); 61 of them are crustal events (focal depth <65 km) while 20 earthquakes belong to the intermediate focal depth region of the Vrancea (Romania) zone. For crustal events the regression of moment magnitude (M w ) on local magnitude (M l ) shows a better fit for large magnitudes using a second order equation against to a linear relationship, and the actual quadratic formula based on 61 events is the following: Mw=1.37(±0.28)+0.39(±0.18)Ml+0.061(±0.026)M2l(Mw:1.9−5.5;Ml:1.4−5.5). In the intermediate focal depth Vrancea zone of the south-eastern bend of the Carpathians (44.5−46.5N; 25.5−28.0E) the number of body wave magnitudes is the largest one (20) among the local (8), the surface wave (14) and the duration (17) magnitudes. The linear relationship between the moment (M w ) and the body wave (M b ) magnitudes has the following form: Mw=1.20(±0.08)Mb−0.76(±0.40)(Mw:4.1−7.7;Mb:3.8−7.3). The relationships of the different (M l , M s , M b , M d ) magnitudes are also presented in the paper

Seismicity of the Western-Carpathians

The source parameters and dimensions of the three most important earthquakes (Zsolna – Jan. 15, 1858, I o = VIII EMS; J ́ ok ̋ o – Jan. 9, 1906, I o = VIII EMS; J ́ ok ̋ o – Jan. 16, 1906, I o = VII–VIII EMS) of the area studied are estimated as follows Event Magnitude Rupture area Max. displacement Jan. 15, 1858 Zsolna 5.5 22–36 km 2 8–11 cm Jan. 9, 1906 J ́ ok ̋ o5.7 M S 40–55 km 2 12–16 cm Jan. 16, 1906 J ́ ok ̋ o5.3 M S 12–24 km 2 4–8 cm The average recurrence that we may expect an earthquake of M ≥ 2.3 every 1 year, an earthquake of M ≥ 3.7 every 10 years and an earthquake of M ≥ 5.1 every 100 years in this source zone. The probabilistic seismic hazard assessment predicts 1.2– 1.7 m/sec 2 peak ground accelerations, and 6.6–7.2 maximum (theoretical) earthquake intensity values with 10% chance of surpassing for an exposure time of 100 years in the area

Érmellék seismic source zone

The source parameters and dimensions of the tow strongest earthquakes (July 1, 1829, Io = VII-VIII EMS; October 15, 1834, Io = IX EMS) in Ermell´ ´ ek area are estimated as follows Date of the event Focal depth Magnitude Rupture area Max. displacement July 01, 1829 21–33 km 5.5–5.7 33–55 km2 11–16 cm October 15, 1834 23–28 km 6.5–6.6 266–358 km2 74–90 cm The average recurrence that we may expect an earthquake of M ≥ 0.7 every 1 year, an earthquake of M ≥ 2.9 every 10 years and an earthquake of M ≥ 5.0 every 100 years in this source zone. The probabilistic seismic hazard assessment predicts 1.1–1.4 m/cm2 peak ground accelerations, and 6.3–7.4 maximum (theoretical) earthquake intensity values with 10% chance of exceedance for an exposure time of 100 years in the area

Seismicity of Kecskemét area

In the small seismic source zone of Kecskemét 203 earthquakes are known between 1739 and 2006, and about 90 percent of them have a magnitude value not more than 3.0, however the strongest event on July 8, 1911 has 5.6 surface-wave magnitude. Concerning the latter earthquake the maximum (epicentral) intensity I = VIII (EMS) was observed in the area enclosed by Kecskemét, Katonatelep and Hetényegyháza locations. The quake caused significant damage to buildings (I ≥ VI EMS) on about 6 thousands square kilometres and was felt (I ≥ III EMS) on some 85 thousands square kilometres. The focal depth is estimated as 11 km directly from the individual intensity data points. During the earthquake liquefaction (sand crater) occurred in the epicentral area and some electromagnetic effects were also observed. Studying the source dimensions we conclude the rupture area is between 40 and 67 square kilometres and the maximum displacement along the fault is estimated to 14–20 centimetres for the Kecskemét earthquake of July 8, 1911. A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment predicts 1.1–1.5 m/s 2 peak ground accelerations, and 6.6–7.1 maximum (theoretical) earthquake intensity values with 10% chance of exceedance for an exposure time of 100 years in the studied area