The Effect of Alcoholic and Aqueous Extract of Piper nigrum on the Larvae of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal (Diptera:Culicidae)

شملت الدراسة الحالية تقييم فاعلية المستخلص الكحولي  والمائي  لبذور الفلفل الاسود    Piper nigrum  في قتل الطور اليرقي الثالث للبعوضCulex pipiens molestus Forskal . استخدمت ثلاث تراكيز للمستخلص الكحولي 0.5 , 1 , 1.5 (جزء في المليون) وخمسة تراكيز للمستخلص المائي 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.5 , 1 , 2.5 , 5 % . اظهرت النتائج تفوق المستخلص الكحولي للفلفل الاسود للتركيزين 1.5 و 1  (جزء في المليون) في قتل اليرقات في اليوم الثاني للتجربة وبنسبة 100% مقارنة بنماذج السيطرة والتي كانت نسبة موت اليرقات 0%, بينما المستخلص المائي للفلفل بتركيز 5%  تسبب بنسية موت بلغت 100% في اليوم الثاني من التجربة ، يليه التركيز 2.5% والذي تسبب في قتل اليرقات بنسبة 100% في اليوم الرابع من التجربة ، وكان التركيز 0.1 اقل التراكيز تأثيرا والذي تسبب في قتل 25% فقط من اليرقات في اليوم الخامس من التجربة ، مقارنة بنماذج السيطرة والتي كانت نسبة موت اليرقات 0% . كما شملت الدراسة ايضا دراسة تأثير التركيز 0.1% من المستخلص المائي للفلفل الاسود في نمو وتطور المبيض وحويصلاته المبيضية في اناث البعوض البالغة والناشئة من معاملة يرقات العمر الثالث به وقد تم دراسة تأثير التركيز المستخدم في حجم المبيض وحويصلاته المبيضية في مرحلة 96 ساعة بعد البزوغ من عمر البالغات ، وقد كان تأثيره واضحا في تثبيط نمو المبيض وحويصلاته المبيضية  .          The present study includes the effect of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Piper nigrum against the third instar of Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera:Culicidae) in different concentrations: 1, 1.5 ppm of ethanolic extracts of Piper nigrum causing 100% mortality of larvae in the second day of treatment, while the concentrations 5% of aqueous extracts of Piper nigrum caused 100% mortality of larvae in the second day of treatment. The concentration 2.5% caused 100% mortality of larvae after four days of treatment. The current study also detected the effect of 0.1% concentration of Piper nigrum aqueous extract. The effect of this concentration has been studied on the growth of the ovaries and their follicles along a period 96 hours after emergence of adult life. The results of this study has clearly shown that the concentration 0.1% of Piper nigrum aqueous extract gave a highly significant inhibitory effect on the growth development of the ovaries and their follicles

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient uptake, growth and productivity of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties

The objective of the present study is to find out the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungal inoculation on growth, productivity and nutrient uptake in two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties. The AM inoculated plants out performed than non-inoculated plants (control) in terms of growth, productivity parameters and nutrient uptake. AM fungal inoculation had a significant effect on productivity of cowpea attributed to growth, plant height, number of nodules, mycorrhizal dependency and number of flowers per plant.Key words: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM), cowpea, nutrient uptake, mycorrhizal dependency (MD)

The planning policy of bilingualism in education in Iraq

Iraq as a multicultural and multilingual country has different languages as Arabic, which is the dominant language, and it also has some other minority languages, such as Kurdish, Turkish, Syriac....etc. Over the last 80 years, Iraq which was involved in some political struggles, had faced many internal problems regarding the Arabic domination that occurred, and this was owing to the absence of clear language policy used. Children learning in the Iraqi system, for instance, speak and study all courses in Arabic, while speaking and using their own culture at home tend to be done in their first language. The minorities’ language usage in Iraq was ignored both inside the schools as well as in the curriculum construction. So this study focuses on the following issues: the first issue is, What is the strategy of language planning policy in Iraq? the study discusses the strategy and the planning educational system that Iraq applies now, the second issue is, What is the status of minority languages in Iraq? Iraq is a multicultural county and has many minorities communities with different languages, the third issue is, What are the challenges of language in Iraq? as long as there is different languages within one country the study also focuses on the challenges that been faced in the planning policy system, and the last issue is, Is there a homogenous relationship during the current policy? How? the study shows the homogenous relationship inside the current policy and the researches give many suggestions and recommendations regarding to the current policy and what is needed for improving the educational planning policy system

Preparation, Characterization and Spectroscopic Study of New Tridentate Schiff Base and its Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) Metal Complexes

A new tridentate ligand has been synthesized derived from phenyl(pyridin-3-yl)methanone. Three coordinated metal complexes were prepared by complexation of the new ligand with Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal salts. The new Schiff base “benzyl -2-[phenyl(pyridin-3-yl)methylidene]hydrazinecarbodithioate” and the new metal complexes were characterized using various physico-chemical and spectroscopic techniques. From the analysis results, the expected structure to the metal complexes are octahedral in geometry for Cu(II) complex, square planner for Ni(II) and tetrahedral for Zn(II) complex. The new compounds are expected to show strong bioactivity against bacteria and cancer cells

Variations in the physico-chemical properties of Dal Lake, Srinagar, Kashmir

Basic physical and chemical characteristics of the water in Dal lake Srinagar were determined. Surface water was sampled on monthly basis from June 2010 to April 2011. To determine the variations in physico-chemical parameters of Dal lake, a total of 21 physico-chemical parameters from six different site spread in four basins of lake was monitored. Our findings highlighted the deterioration of water quality in the lake due to anthropogenic activity in the lake and urbanization. The lake can be considered as eutrophic as evidenced by its shallow depth (1 to 4.5 m), low transparency (1 to 2.8 m), and higher concentrations of other nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, sulphates and chloride. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to identify the strength of relation between the variables. The significant correlation was found among the temperature, depth, alkalinity, calcium, ammonia, nitrate and total phosphorus. Cluster analysis was additionally performed to obtain similarity between the sites.Key words: Physico-chemical characteristics, Dal lake, anthropogenic activity

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Methyl 2-(1,7,7-Tri methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yieldene)hydrazinecarbodithioate Schiff Bases Derived From Methylhydrazine carbodithioate And Their Bi(III) And Ag(II) Complexes

Novel bidentate Schiff bases having nitrogen-sulphur donor sequence was synthesized from condensation of racemate camphor, (R)-camphor and (S)-camphor with Methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate (SMDTC). Its metal complexes were also prepared through the reaction of these ligands with silver and bismuth salts. All complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and various physico-chemical techniques. These Schiff bases behaved as uninegatively charged bidentate ligands and coordinated to the metal ions via ?-nitrogen and thiolate sulphur atoms. The NS Schiff bases formed complexes of general formula, [M(NS)2] or [M(NS)2.H2O] where M is BiIII or AgI, the expected geometry is octahedral for Bi(III) complexes while Ag(I) is expected to oxidized to Ag(II) forming square planner complexes

Early detection of Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger on table grapes: a tool for quality improvement

Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger aggregate are the main fungal contaminants of table grapes. Besides their ability to cause black rot, they can produce ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin that has attracted increasing attention worldwide. The objective of this work was to set up a simple and rapid molecular method for the early detection of both fungi in table grapes before fungal development becomes evident. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays were developed by designing species-specific primers based on the polyketide synthases (PKSS) sequences of A. carbonarius and A. niger that have recently been demonstrated to be involved in OTA biosynthesis. Three table grape varieties (Red globe, Crimson seedless, and Italia) were inoculated with A. carbonarius and A. niger aggregate strains producing OTA. The extracted DNA from control (non-inoculated) and inoculated grapes was amplified by PCR using ACPKS2F-ACPKS2R for A. carbonarius and ANPKS5-ANPKS6 for A. niger aggregate. Both primers allowed a clear detection, even in symptomless samples. PCR-based methods are considered to be a good alternative to traditional diagnostic means for the early detection of fungi in complex matrix for their high specificity and sensitivity. The results obtained could be useful for the definition of a 'quality label' for tested grapes to improve the safety measures taken to guarantee the production of fresh table grapes

The Effectiveness of an Educational Program for Developing Tolerance Values and Resistance to Intellectual Extremism at Secondary Level in Jordan

This study aimed to establish an effective educational program based on the rights of non-Muslims in Islamic principles of the development of religious tolerance values and the intellectual resistance of extremism among high school students in Jordan. The study was conducted on a sample of 48 students in 11th grade from Al-Arqam Islamic School, during the second semester of the academic year 2017-2018. A descriptive method was used for gathering the principles of rights for non-Muslims. A semi-empirical method was also used to measure the effectiveness of the educational program on two dependent variables (religious tolerance values, resistance of intellectual extremism), measured with two tools prepared by the researchers: the measure of religious tolerance values, and the measure of resistance to intellectual extremism. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the average performance of both the experimental and control groups in the measures for religious tolerance and resistance to intellectual extremism due to the experimental method of teaching designed for this study

Impact of Landfills on Soil Contamination by Some Heavy Metals at Kani-qrzhala in Erbil City- Iraqi Kurdistan Region

The present study was carried out in November 2019 to investigate the impact of Kani-qrzhala landfill on soil pollution of the surrounding area caused by the disposed of refuses from houses, factories, and hospitals. Soil samples were collected from 6 sites in Kani-qrzhala landfill on Erbil-Mosul Road ((Latitude 36˚13̍ N, Longitude 43˚.58̍̍ E). Soil samples were taken randomly selected at different depths (0-10), (10-20), (20-30) cm, were collected randomly at the dumpsite field in the study area with a control sample. The different parameters of soil samples were analyzed of contaminated metals such as Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) were determined in the study soil samples by using portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Additionally, specialization index Geoaccumulation (I geo) was calculated and used for evaluating the soil pollution status: In the depth (0-10) cm, the heavy metals concentration was recorded as follow: Fe > Pb > Zn > Ni > Mn. Also in the depth (10-20) cm Fe > Pb > Zn > Mn > Ni. In the depth (20-30) cm depth Fe > Pb > Mn > Zn > Ni (0 mg kg-1). Measuring Geoaccumulation index (I geo): The results show that most the most location of the study area of soil surrounding the dumpsite were polluted by heavy metals followed by series: Ni, Pb > Zn > Fe >Mn