Trade space in Krasnoyarsk in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries: dialogue between the authorities and traders

The article was submitted on 28.04.2016.The author shows the ways in which urban trade space formed in Krasnoyarsk in the second half of the nineteenth century as a result of interaction between the authorities and traders. The local authorities excluded specific areas from the trade sector and created special trade places, markets. This policy was based on the tendency of the local authorities to create conditions where they could supervise trade in the interests of citizens. Traders, in turn, wanted uncontrolled ownership of their space and to autonomously exploit it in order to ensure the greatest amount of profit. Traders’ actions included flexible tactics of manoeuvre in their attempts to transform or circumvent the law. The authorities’ strategy was based on the interests of different population groups; therefore, they created laws that could be circumvented. The author emphasises the special role of peasantry; although they did not live in the city, they had their own ways of influencing the authorities, which local traders could not use. The author uses the approaches to the study of space developed by M. Foucault and M. de Certeau. She concludes that the authorities’ strategies reflected the interests of different population groups (including traders), which meant they were not always consistent and effective. The analysis of interaction between the authorities and traders through the prism of their struggle for trade space reveals new approaches to communication in everyday situations.Дан анализ путей формирования городского торгового пространства Красноярска второй половины XIX в. как результата взаимодействия власти и торговцев. Рассмотрены стратегии власти в сфере торговли. Показано, что местные власти исключали из сферы торговли определенные городские места и формировали специальные – рынки. В основе этой политики лежало стремление создать условия для надзора за соблюдением законов и обязательных постановлений по благоустройству города. Торговцы же, в свою очередь, стремились владеть пространством бесконтрольно, осваивать его по собственному усмотрению в целях достижения наибольших прибылей. Их действия включали в себя гибкие тактики лавирования, попытки изменить или перетолковать властные предписания. Показана особая роль крестьянства, которое, не проживая в городе, тем не менее, имело свои рычаги воздействия на его власти, которыми местные торговцы не могли воспользоваться. В работе использованы подходы к изучению пространства, разработанные М. Фуко и М. де Серто. Делается вывод о том, что стратегии власти исходили из интересов разных групп населения (в том числе и самих торговцев), оттого, оказываясь в неоднозначной для себя ситуации, представители власти не всегда были последовательны и не могли создать таких узаконений, которые нельзя было обойти. Рассмотрение взаимодействия власти и торговцев через призму борьбы за пространство торговли выявляет новые практики их коммуникации в максимальной приближенности к повседневной жизни

The role of the local plastic deformation in the fatigue fracture of metals

The higher the degree to which an analytical model of the fatigue damages accumulation accounts local and heterogeneous in time and material volume nature of the process, the wider is the range of materials and lives it covers. In particular, based on the analysis of the mathematical structure of the equation for S-N curves given in the paper, the author shows that the value of physical limit of endurance is determined by the parameters characterizing the development of local plastic deformation and the value of true limit elasticity. The parameters characterizing the development of local plastic deformation reflect the interconnection between the fatigue and inelasticity phenomena. The dependence of fatigue limit on the frequency sа(f), cycles asymmetry ratio sа(R), and size of structural elements sа(d) for a given number of cycles NFr, as well as the dependence of frequency on the cyclic life NFr(f) for a specified stress level sа = const are caused by the dependence of the development of the plastic damage localization areas on the listed parameters

The correlation between fatigue and fracture characteristics of titanium alloys

Interrelation between fatigue and fracture characteristics for titanium alloy has been shown basing on the analysis of the fatigue curves equations and fatigue fracture diagrams which incorporate cyclic loading rate and cycles asymmetry ratio. The kinetic diagrams equations parameters can be obtained from fatigue curve equation. The calculated fatigue and fracture resistance characteristics were compared with the experiments for VT1-0 titanium alloy

X-ray film chamber with carbon target of Tien-Shan complex array

X-ray films were exposed inside the ionization calorimeter under 74g/sq cm of carbon and 5 cm of lead. The X-ray film chamber area is 35 sq. m. Moving X-ray films were used, 50% of the events, which succeeded to determine incidence time, were identified with corresponding extensive air showers (EAS). For such events the size spectrum of associated EAS was derived. Two methods of energy measurement using X-ray films and ionization calorimeter were compared. The energy transfer from selected hadron to electromagnetic component is illustrated. It is found that in cascades with high energy release into electromagnetic components the hadron component is practically absent

Chelate complexes of malic or citric acids with iron, manganese and zinc as a biologically active supplement for broiler chicken diet

The aim of the present study was to define the effects of the various doses of biologically active supplement, which was consisted of iron, manganese, zinc malates and citrates, on muscle mass formation, blood morphological composition and protein metabolism in broiler chickens during the entire period of their growth. It is shown, that chelate complexes of the life-critical trance elements stimulated muscle mass accumulation, which was associated with more efficient expenditure of amino acids for protein biosynthesis in myocytes. Researched morphological blood parameters were within the normal range for broiler chickens. From the physiological and biochemical point of view, the using of citrate malates is preferable to citrate

NGC 7468: a galaxy with an inner polar disk

We present our spectroscopic observations of the galaxy NGC 7468 performed at the 6-m Special Astrophysical Observatory telescope using the UAGS long-slit spectrograph, the multipupil fiber spectrograph MPFS, and the scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer (IFP). We found no significant deviations from the circular rotation of the galactic disk in the velocity field in the regions of brightness excess along the major axis of the galaxy (the putative polar ring). Thus, these features are either tidal structures or weakly developed spiral arms. However, we detected a gaseous disk at the center of the galaxy whose rotation plane is almost perpendicular to the plane of the galactic disk. The central collision of NGC 7468 with a gas-rich dwarf galaxy and their subsequent merging seem to be responsible for the formation of this disk.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted in Astronomy Letters, 2004, vol 30., N 9, p. 58

2D Spectroscopy of Candidate Polar-Ring Galaxies: I. The Pair of Galaxies UGC 5600/09

Observations of the pair of galaxies VV 330 with the SCORPIO multimode instrument on the 6-m Special Astrophysical Observatory telescope are presented. Large-scale velocity fields of the ionized gas in H-alfa and brightness distributions in continuum and H-alfa have been constructed for both galaxies with the help of a scanning Fabry Perot interferometer. Long-slit spectroscopy is used to study the stellar kinematics. Analysis of the data obtained has revealed a complex structure in each of the pair components. Three kinematic subsystems have been identified in UGC 5600: a stellar disk, an inner gas ring turned with respect to the disk through ~80degrees, and an outer gas disk. The stellar and outer gas disks are noncoplanar. Possible scenarios for the formation of the observed multicomponent kinematic galactic structure are considered, including the case where the large-scale velocity field of the gas is represented by the kinematic model of a disk with a warp. The velocity field in the second galaxy of the pair, UGC 5609, is more regular. A joint analysis of the data on the photometric structure and the velocity field has shown that this is probably a late-type spiral galaxy whose shape is distorted by the gravitational interaction, possibly, with UGC 5600.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figure