Управління інвестиційно-будівельними проектами на основі ЕРС/М контрактів

The article reveals the content and importance of applying EPC/M contracts for the implementation of construction projects, which are the most common forms of engineering contracts in the practice of the world market. The main characteristics of the contracts are described, their main differences are revealed, the positive aspects of using each of these contracts are determined. The article analyzes the problem of Ukraine’s lagging behind the developed countries in executing by domestic engineering companies EРС(M)-contracts on the implementation of construction projects.Стаття розкриває зміст і важливість застосування EPC/M-контрактів на здійснення інвестиційно-будівельних проектів, які є поширеними формами інжинірингових контрактів в практиці світового ринку. Описується основні характеристики розглянутих контрактів, виявляється їх основні відмінності, визначається позитивні сторони використання кожного з цих контрактів. Аналізується проблема відставання України від розвинених країн в частині виконання вітчизняними інжиніринговими компаніями ЕРС/М-контрактів щодо реалізації інвестиційно-будівельних проектів

Sunlight-Exposed Biofilm Microbial Communities Are Naturally Resistant to Chernobyl Ionizing-Radiation Levels

BACKGROUND: The Chernobyl accident represents a long-term experiment on the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation at the ecosystem level. Though studies of these effects on plants and animals are abundant, the study of how Chernobyl radiation levels affect prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities is practically non-existent, except for a few reports on human pathogens or soil microorganisms. Environments enduring extreme desiccation and UV radiation, such as sunlight exposed biofilms could in principle select for organisms highly resistant to ionizing radiation as well. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To test this hypothesis, we explored the diversity of microorganisms belonging to the three domains of life by cultivation-independent approaches in biofilms developing on concrete walls or pillars in the Chernobyl area exposed to different levels of radiation, and we compared them with a similar biofilm from a non-irradiated site in Northern Ireland. Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Deinococcales were the most consistently detected bacterial groups, whereas green algae (Chlorophyta) and ascomycete fungi (Ascomycota) dominated within the eukaryotes. Close relatives to the most radio-resistant organisms known, including Rubrobacter species, Deinococcales and melanized ascomycete fungi were always detected. The diversity of bacteria and eukaryotes found in the most highly irradiated samples was comparable to that of less irradiated Chernobyl sites and Northern Ireland. However, the study of mutation frequencies in non-coding ITS regions versus SSU rRNA genes in members of a same actinobacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) present in Chernobyl samples and Northern Ireland showed a positive correlation between increased radiation and mutation rates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results show that biofilm microbial communities in the most irradiated samples are comparable to non-irradiated samples in terms of general diversity patterns, despite increased mutation levels at the single-OTU level. Therefore, biofilm communities growing in sunlight exposed substrates are capable of coping with increased mutation rates and appear pre-adapted to levels of ionizing radiation in Chernobyl due to their natural adaptation to periodical desiccation and ambient UV radiation

Of the importance of a leaf: the ethnobotany of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans

BACKGROUND: Sarma - cooked leaves rolled around a filling made from rice and/or minced meat, possibly vegetables and seasoning plants - represents one of the most widespread feasting dishes of the Middle Eastern and South-Eastern European cuisines. Although cabbage and grape vine sarma is well-known worldwide, the use of alternative plant leaves remains largely unexplored. The aim of this research was to document all of the botanical taxa whose leaves are used for preparing sarma in the folk cuisines of Turkey and the Balkans. Methods: Field studies were conducted during broader ethnobotanical surveys, as well as during ad-hoc investigations between the years 2011 and 2014 that included diverse rural communities in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. Primary ethnobotanical and folkloric literatures in each country were also considered. Results: Eighty-seven botanical taxa, mainly wild, belonging to 50 genera and 27 families, were found to represent the bio-cultural heritage of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. The greatest plant biodiversity in sarma was found in Turkey and, to less extent, in Bulgaria and Romania. The most commonly used leaves for preparing sarma were those of cabbage (both fresh and lacto-fermented), grape vine, beet, dock, sorrel, horseradish, lime tree, bean, and spinach. In a few cases, the leaves of endemic species (Centaurea haradjianii, Rumex gracilescens, and R. olympicus in Turkey) were recorded. Other uncommon sarma preparations were based on lightly toxic taxa, such as potato leaves in NE Albania, leaves of Arum, Convolvulus, and Smilax species in Turkey, of Phytolacca americana in Macedonia, and of Tussilago farfara in diverse countries. Moreover, the use of leaves of the introduced species Reynoutria japonica in Romania, Colocasia esculenta in Turkey, and Phytolacca americana in Macedonia shows the dynamic nature of folk cuisines. Conclusion: The rich ethnobotanical diversity of sarma confirms the urgent need to record folk culinary plant knowledge. The results presented here can be implemented into initiatives aimed at re-evaluating folk cuisines and niche food markets based on local neglected ingredients, and possibly also to foster trajectories of the avant-garde cuisines inspired by ethnobotanical knowledge

Influence of low chronic exposure on physiological and biochemical properties of three irradiated generations Aspergillus versicolor

Exposure of chronic radiation on three generation Aspergillus versicolor, which were obtained in the model conditions from two parental strains: A.versicolor 99 with radioadaptive properties isolated from location "Shelter" Chornobyl NPP and A.versicolor 432 – control were character-ized. In investigated generation A. versicolor 99 and A. versicolor 432 were found opposite changes of the growth rate (from deceleration to accel-eration) under the cultivating in two medium with different content of carbon source, which value was in the range from 60% to 140% (on wort agar) and from 70% to 230% (on depleted nutrients agar) in comparison with non-irradiated generations. In three investigated generations A.versicolor 432 and A.versicolor 99 were found changes in the profile of activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxidedismutase, catalase, peroxidase, which had wavy like character (except catalase) and high amplitude of oscillation from decreasing to 70% up to an increase to 900

Principles of the low dozes irradiation influence on microscopic fungi

Analysis of the influence of chronic irradiation on strains of two species of microscopic fungi Hormoconis resinae and Cladosporium cladosporioides on two parameters – speed of radial growth and surviving is carried out. It was shown, the increase of radial growth rate under exposure doses from 0 to 250 mGy occurs non-uniformly, and to maxima at the certain dozes of irradiation at the investigated species of fungi. At the absorbed doze of irradiation from 0,36 up to 2 Gy as at strains Hormoconis resinae and Cladosporium cladosporioides with radioadaptive properties isolated from the alienation zone, and at strains, irradiated for the first time, is not revealed decrease surviving of fungi in comparison with the control without irradiation. It was established, that the dozes of an irradiation up to 2 Gy (at capacity of an exposition doze 3,7 mR/h) are small for these species of microscopic fungi

Peculiarities of growth and functioning of the antioxidant system in three generations of irradiated populations of Hormoconis resinae micromycetes

Effect of chronic radiation exposure to the growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase from three generations of control strain and strain exhibiting radioadaptive properties micromycetes Hormoconis resinae was studied. Under the influence of chronic radiation, phase changes in the studied parameters were detected - activation and inhibition of both the organism and at intracellular level, indicating change in the biological activity of the studied three generations Hormoconis resinae

The thermoluminescent properties of natural calcium fluoride for radiation dosimetry

The characteristics of natural calcium fluoride from Çiçekdagi{dotless} Massif (Akçakent) in Turkey have been studied by analysing its thermoluminescence glow curve structure between 30 and 450 °C for the purpose of radiation dosimetry. A variety of thermoluminescence measurement regimes have been examined to determine the most effective and appropriate annealing temperature, heating rate and dose range for the proper and accurate use of this phosphorescent material. After a high temperature annealing as TL readings, optimum values for low temperature annealing and heating rate were obtained as 60 °C for 24 h and 1 °C s-1, respectively. In the dose range of 0.5 Gy-1 kGy, the intensity of individual glow peaks and overall glow curve shape changed. The peak intensities of all glow curves located at 100 and 120 °C (overlapping considerably), and at 215 °C, at 310, 350 and 410 °C (overlapping) increase linearly with increasing ionizing radiation over a range of from 0.5 Gy to 10 Gy. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.105Y349This study was carried out at the Cukurova University (CU), Department of Physics. We are grateful to TUBITAK (Turkish Scientific and Technology Research Council) for its financial support under the Contract No. 105Y349 to purchase RISO TL/OSL DA-20 equipment. We would like to acknowledge the CU Rectorate Research Unit for providing the financial support for this research under the Contract No. FEF2007YL22