Youth and the future: effective youth services for the year 2015

This report provides an understanding of the services required by young people in the year 2015, based on a thorough analysis of recent trends and expert projections of those trends. The report analyses key social and economic changes for young people in Australia over the past 10 to 20 years including movements in population, education, employment/unemployment and the labour market, incomes, family and household structure, health, and crime and justice

Characterisation of Cryogenic Material Properties of 3D-Printed Superconducting Niobium using a 3D Lumped Element Microwave Cavity

We present an experimental characterisation of the electrical properties of 3D-printed Niobium. The study was performed by inserting a 3D-printed Nb post inside an Aluminium cylindrical cavity, forming a 3D lumped element re-entrant microwave cavity resonator. The resonator was cooled to temperatures below the critical temperature of Niobium (9.25K) and then Aluminium (1.2K), while measuring the quality factors of the electromagnetic resonances. This was then compared with finite element analysis of the cavity and a measurement of the same cavity with an Aluminium post of similar dimensions and frequency, to extract the surface resistance of the Niobium post. The 3D-printed Niobium exhibited a transition to the superconducting state at a similar temperature to the regular Niobium, as well as a surface resistance of $3.1\times10^{-4}$ $\Omega$. This value was comparable to many samples of traditionally machined Niobium previously studied without specialised surface treatment. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a simple new method for characterizing the material properties of a relatively small and geometrically simple sample of superconductor, which could be easily applied to other materials, particularly 3D-printed materials. Further research and development in additive manufacturing may see the application of 3D-printed Niobium in not only superconducting cavity designs, but in the innovative technology of the future.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Selective laser melting of an Al(86)Ni(6)Y(4.5)Co(2)La(1.5) metallic glass: processing, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties

In this study, single line scans at different laser powers were carried out using selective laser meting (SLM) equipment on a pre-fabricated porous Al86Ni6Y4.5Co2La1.5 metallic glass (MG) preform. The densification, microstructural evolution, phase transformation and mechanical properties of the scan tracks were systematically investigated. It was found that the morphology of the scan track was influenced by the energy distribution of the laser beam and the heat transfer competition between convection and conduction in the melt pool. Due to the Gaussian distribution of laser energy and heat transfer process, different regions of the scan track experienced different thermal histories, resulting in a gradient microstructure and mechanical properties. Higher laser powers caused higher thermal stresses, which led to the formation of cracks; while low power reduced the strength of the laser track, also inducing cracking. The thermal fluctuation at high laser power produced an inhomogeneous chemical distribution which gave rise to severe crystallization of the MG, despite the high cooling rate. The crystallization occurred both within the heat affected zone (HAZ) and at the edge of melt pool. However, by choosing an appropriate laser power crack-free scan tracks could be produced with no crystallization. This work provides the necessary fundamental understanding that will lead to the fabrication of large-size, crack-free MG with high density, controllable microstructure and mechanical properties using SLM. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Facial Emotion and Identity Processing Development in 5- to 15-Year-Old Children

Most developmental studies of emotional face processing to date have focused on infants and very young children. Additionally, studies that examine emotional face processing in older children do not distinguish development in emotion and identity face processing from more generic age-related cognitive improvement. In this study, we developed a paradigm that measures processing of facial expression in comparison to facial identity and complex visual stimuli. The three matching tasks were developed (i.e., facial emotion matching, facial identity matching, and butterfly wing matching) to include stimuli of similar level of discriminability and to be equated for task difficulty in earlier samples of young adults. Ninety-two children aged 5–15 years and a new group of 24 young adults completed these three matching tasks. Young children were highly adept at the butterfly wing task relative to their performance on both face-related tasks. More importantly, in older children, development of facial emotion discrimination ability lagged behind that of facial identity discrimination

Fe73.5Si13.5B9Cu1Nb3 metallic glass: Rapid activation of peroxymonosulfate towards ultrafast Eosin Y degradation

Discovering functional applications of metallic glasses (MGs) as heterogeneous catalysts is a fundamental and essential topic. This work reports the rapid production of sulfate radicals (SO4−) from peroxymonosulfate (PMS) using Fe73.5Si13.5B9Cu1Nb3 glassy ribbons as catalysts for Eosin Y (EY) dye wastewater treatment. The reaction rates (k) from the experimental data reveal that the EY degradation is well fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The strong electron transfer ability is characterized by electrochemical methods, presenting an advanced catalytic performance for EY degradation. Various experimental parameters, including dye concentration, catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, light intensity, pH and reaction temperature as well as the saline and natural inorganic effects, are fully investigated. The results show that the color removal of EY dye could achieve nearly 100% within 20 min. The quenching experiments are performed to verify the production of reactive species, suggesting that both OH and SO4− are produced from PMS and play significant roles in EY degradation. This critical study reveals that using Fe73.5Si13.5B9Cu1Nb3 MGs as catalysts exhibits a superior reactivity on PMS activation in wastewater treatment. The discoveries shed lights into the study of electron transfer ability for MGs, presenting extensive prospects in the application of dye wastewater treatment

Improved deformation behavior in Ti-Zr-Fe-Mn alloys comprising the C14 type Laves and β phases

Laves phase alloys are promising materials for several structural applications, but the extreme brittleness is the predominant shortcoming of a Laves matrix. One potential solution to overcome this shortcoming is to alloy Laves matrix with some soft matrix. A group of Ti-35Zr-5Fe-xMn (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 wt%) alloys was cast with an aim to improve deformation in Laves alloy compositions. The phase and microstructure analyses reveal dual phase matrices, including a β phase and a C14 type Laves phase in the investigated alloys. The mechanical properties such as yield strength, hardness and plastic strain for the investigated alloys are found to be significantly sensitive to volume fraction of the Laves phase. Ti-35Zr-5Fe shows impressive ultimate compressive strength (~1.7 GPa), yield strength (1138 MPa) and large plastic strain (23.2 %). The fracture mechanisms are dependent on the microstructure of the alloys. Additionally, the work-hardening ability of the investigated alloys have also been evaluated based on the analyses of slip band patterns formed around the micro-hardness indentations. Notably, the extreme brittleness is not encountered in all the Ti-35Zr-5Fe-xMn alloys and all exhibit very good compressive elongation including the maximum (32.5 %) in Ti-35Zr-5Fe

Effect of the GaAsP shell on optical properties of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires grown on silicon

We realize growth of self-catalyzed core-shell GaAs/GaAsP nanowires (NWs) on Si substrates using molecular-beam epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of single GaAs/GaAsP NWs confirms their high crystal quality and shows domination of the zinc-blende phase. This is further confirmed in optics of single NWs, studied using cw and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL). A detailed comparison with uncapped GaAs NWs emphasizes the effect of the GaAsP capping in suppressing the non-radiative surface states: significant PL enhancement in the core-shell structures exceeding 2000 times at 10K is observed; in uncapped NWs PL is quenched at 60K whereas single core-shell GaAs/GaAsP NWs exhibit bright emission even at room temperature. From analysis of the PL temperature dependence in both types of NW we are able to determine the main carrier escape mechanisms leading to the PL quench

The effects of sample position and gas flow pattern on the sintering of a 7xxx aluminum alloy

The effects of sample position and gas flow pattern on the sintering of a 7xxx aluminum alloy Al-7Zn-2.5Mg-1Cu in flowing nitrogen have been investigated both experimentally and numerically. The near-surface pore distribution and sintered density of the samples show a strong dependency on the sample separation distance over the range from 2 mm to 40 mm. The open porosity in each sample increases with increasing separation distance while the closed porosity remains essentially unchanged. A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to analyze the gas flow behavior near the sample surfaces during isothermal sintering. The streamlines, velocity profile, and volume flow rate in the cavity between each two samples are presented as a function of the sample separation distance at a fixed nitrogen flow rate of 6 L/min. The CFD modeling results provide essential details for understanding the near-surface pore distribution and density of the sintered samples. It is proposed that the different gas flow patterns near the sample surfaces result in variations of the oxygen content from the incoming nitrogen flow in the local sintering atmosphere, which affects the self-gettering process of the aluminum compacts during sintering. This leads to the development of different near-surface pore distributions and sintered densities

Phase 1 dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of eribulin-liposomal formulation in patients with solid tumours

Background: This phase 1 study examined the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of eribulin-liposomal formulation (eribulin-LF) in patients with advanced solid tumours. Methods:\ud Eligible patients with ECOG PS 0–1 were treated with eribulin-LF either on day 1 every 21 days (Schedule 1), or on days 1 and 15 every 28 days (Schedule 2). Doses ranged from 1.0 to 3.5 mg/m2, with dose escalation in a 3 + 3 design. The dose-expansion phase evaluated eribulin-LF in select tumour types. Primary objectives: maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended dose/schedule of eribulin-LF. Results: Totally, 58 patients were enroled (median age = 62 years). The MTD was 1.4 mg/m2 (Schedule 1) or 1.5 mg/m2 (Schedule 2), the latter dose selected for the dose-expansion phase. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLTs) in Schedule 1: hypophosphatemia and increased transaminase levels. DLTs in Schedule 2: stomatitis, increased alanine aminotransferase, neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. The pharmacokinetic profile of eribulin-LF showed a similar half-life to that of eribulin (~30 h), but with a 5-fold greater maximum serum concentration and a 40-fold greater area-under-the-curve. Eribulin-LF demonstrated clinical activity with approximately 10% of patients in both schedules achieving partial responses. Conclusions: Eribulin-LF was well tolerated with a favourable pharmacokinetic profile. Preliminary evidence of clinical activity in solid tumours was observed

Light-emitting diodes by band-structure engineering in van der Waals heterostructures

The advent of graphene and related 2D materials has recently led to a new technology: heterostructures based on these atomically thin crystals.The paradigm proved itself extremely versatile and led to rapid demonstration of tunnelling diodes with negative di�erential resistance tunnelling transistors photovoltaic devices and so on. Here, we take the complexity and functionality of such van der Waals heterostructures to the next level by introducing quantum wells (QWs) engineered with one atomic plane precision. We describe light-emitting diodes (LEDs) made by stacking metallic graphene, insulating hexagonal boron nitride and various semiconducting monolayers into complex but carefully designed sequences. Our first devices already exhibit an extrinsic quantum e�ciency of nearly 10% and the emission can be tuned over a wide range of frequencies by appropriately choosing and combining 2D semiconductors (monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides). By preparing the heterostructures on elastic and transparent substrates, we show that they can also provide the basis for flexible and semi-transparent electronics. The range of functionalities for the demonstrated heterostructures is expected to grow further on increasing the number of available 2D crystals and improving their electronic quality