Macroalgae contribute to the diet of Patella vulgata from contrasting conditions of latitude and wave exposure in the UK

Analysis of gut contents and stable isotope composition of intertidal limpets (Patella vulgata) showed a major contribution of macroalgae to their diet, along with microalgae and invertebrates. Specimens were collected in areas with limited access to attached macroalgae, suggesting a major dietary component of drift algae. Gut contents of 480 animals from 2 moderately wave exposed and 2 sheltered rocky shores in each of 2 regions: western Scotland (55–56°N) and southwest England (50°N), were analysed in 2 years (n = 30 per site per year). The abundance of microalgae, macroalgae and invertebrates within the guts was quantified using categorical abundance scales. Gut content composition was compared among regions and wave exposure conditions, showing that the diet of P. vulgata changes with both wave exposure and latitude. Microalgae were most abundant in limpet gut contents in animals from southwest sites, whilst leathery/corticated macroalgae were more prevalent and abundant in limpets from sheltered and northern sites. P. vulgata appears to have a more flexible diet than previously appreciated and these keystone grazers consume not only microalgae, but also large quantities of macroalgae and small invertebrates. To date, limpet grazing studies have focussed on their role in controlling recruitment of macroalgae by feeding on microscopic propagules and germlings. Consumption of adult algae suggests P. vulgata may also directly control the biomass of attached macroalgae on the shore, whilst consumption of drift algae indicates the species may play important roles in coupling subtidal and intertidal production

Faktor yang Menyebabkan Masyarakat Tidak Menggunakan Hak Pilihnya dalam Pemilihan Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur Tahun 2013 di Tps 5 Rt 4 Rw 1 Kelurahan Tuah Karya Kecamatan Tampan

Lately, most of the people of the city of Pekanbaru many who opted for abstention or abstain from voting in the democratic party of the people, due to the weakened and low antusiasi society to the General Election. In addition to the above problems finding the low level of community participation has also become a serious problem that occurs in each of the Sub-District of the election of the Governor and Deputy Governor of the city of Pekanbaru years 2013. Because of that conducted a study entitled "Factors That Cause Public Not to Use Rights Vote In Elections Governor and Deputy Governor in 2013 in TPS 5 RT 4 RW 1 Tuah Karyas Village Tampans Subdistrict".The purpose of this study is: 1) To determine the characteristics of the respondents chose to abstain from voting on the election of governor and lieutenant governor in 2013 on the TPS 5 RT 4 RW 1 Tuah Karyas Village Tampans Subdistrict. 2) To determine the cause of the people chose to abstain from voting on the election of governor and lieutenant governor in 2013 on the TPS 5 RT 4 RW 1 Tuah Karyas Village Tampans Subdistrict. To determine the factors that cause people chose to abstain from voting on the election of governor and lieutenantgovernor in 2013 on the TPS 5 RT 4 RW 1 Tuah Karyas Village Tampans Subdistrict. 3) To determine the relationship of socio-economic background of the respondents who chose to abstain from voting on the election of governor and lieutenant governor in 2013 on the TPS 5 RT 4 RW 1 Tuah Karyas Village Tampans Subdistrict.The benefits of this research are: 1) It is expected that these results obtained contribute ideas for the development of the science of sociology. 2) As an input and information for other researchers in further research, so that it can add a reference to the study of science as well as other existing beneficial to the development of the academic world in the future.The procedure of this study can be seen from the following steps: the issues examined in this study is what factors are causing the people in the polling station 5 RT.4 RW.1 jl. Organization, Work Tuah Village, District of Kampar. The method used in the study is the method of questionnaires, interviews, and use documents. Research tool used was a questionnaire that was developed with the interview. From the research results and conclusions: 1) Characteristics of voters who abstain from voting at the polling station 5 RT 4 RW 1 Tuah Karyas Village Tampans Subdistrict of respondents aged between 33-38 years who do not choose more than any other age (24%). 2) Most of the voters who did not choose to work as traders and students respectively of 6 people (24%). 3) The level of education they are mostly located at the upper secondary level (high school) as many as 12 respondents (48%). 4) Respondents who do not use their right to vote mostly Muslim, as many as 22 people (88%). 5) The majority of voters who abstain from voting are from ethnic Minang many as 10 people (40%). 6) Most of the voters settled in research sites in jl. swadaya, already including long over 6-15 years as many as 12 people (48%). 7) Respondents who do not use their right to vote most have incomes tend to be low, ie below Rp.1.500.000, - which is the minimum wage of Riau province.Keyword : Politic, Participation, Pilgubri 201

Illuminati Symbol Representation in Design Shirt Aye! Denim

The development of the fashion world are growing rapidly and creatively to make the fashion business activists have to create something different from the others. Designs on fashion products to convey a hidden message for the user as well as the look of the design. Aye! One fashion denim brand in Indonesia to bring the design of its products with the theme Secret Society, the Illuminati, and Freemasonry. This study aims to look at how the meaning and ideology of Illuminati on t-shirt design that was released by Aye! Denim.This study uses qualitative descriptive study, with the selection of informants using purposive sampling theory, the author chose some informants who have a relationship with Aye! Denim, the Owner of Aye! Denim, and users of the product from Aye! Denim. Data collection techniques in this research with in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. For data analysis techniques, using three stages of Roland Barthes significance. The first phase, peeling connotations, the second phase of search for meaning denotation, and the third phase concluded myths and ideologies contained in t-shirt design Aye! Denim.The results of this study indicate that the meaning and ideology embodied in the design Aye! Denim contains about the existence of a huge plan designed by the Secret Society, the Illuminati, and Freemasonry. The agenda is driven by the people behind the scenes who infiltrated through the administration of a country. The purpose of the agenda is to create a new world government or commonly called the "New World Order". Aye! Denim trying to convey the purpose of the agents in different ways namely through the designs of its products. In order to become a knowledge and a warning for those who use or viewing of the design

Consumer credit in comparative perspective

We review the literature in sociology and related fields on the fast global growth of consumer credit and debt and the possible explanations for this expansion. We describe the ways people interact with the strongly segmented consumer credit system around the world—more specifically, the way they access credit and the way they are held accountable for their debt. We then report on research on two areas in which consumer credit is consequential: its effects on social relations and on physical and mental health. Throughout the article, we point out national variations and discuss explanations for these differences. We conclude with a brief discussion of the future tasks and challenges of comparative research on consumer credit.Accepted manuscrip

ON THE ORIGIN OF MID-LATITUDE FAST WIND: CHALLENGING THE TWO-STATE SOLAR WIND PARADIGM

The bimodal paradigm of solar wind describes a slow solar wind situated near the heliospheric current sheet while a fast wind overexpands from the poles to fill in the remainder of the heliosphere. In this paper, we challenge this paradigm and focus here on mid-latitude wind using three fast-latitude passes completed by the Ulysses spacecraft. Based on its composition and dynamic properties, we discuss how this wind differs from both the fast, polar coronal hole wind and the low latitude, streamer-associated slow solar wind. Using a detailed analysis of ionic and elemental abundances, as well as solar wind dynamic properties, we conclude that there is a third quasi-stationary solar wind state, called the boundary wind. This boundary wind is characterized by a charge-state distribution that is similar to slow wind, but with an elemental composition that is coronal hole like. Based on these data, we present arguments for the location of the origin of this wind. We conclude that the boundary wind is a subset of the fast wind emanating from regions close to the boundaries of coronal holes and is accelerated by a similar process

ON THE ORIGIN OF MID-LATITUDE FAST WIND: CHALLENGING THE TWO-STATE SOLAR WIND PARADIGM

The bimodal paradigm of solar wind describes a slow solar wind situated near the heliospheric current sheet while a fast wind overexpands from the poles to fill in the remainder of the heliosphere. In this paper, we challenge this paradigm and focus here on mid-latitude wind using three fast-latitude passes completed by the Ulysses spacecraft. Based on its composition and dynamic properties, we discuss how this wind differs from both the fast, polar coronal hole wind and the low latitude, streamer-associated slow solar wind. Using a detailed analysis of ionic and elemental abundances, as well as solar wind dynamic properties, we conclude that there is a third quasi-stationary solar wind state, called the boundary wind. This boundary wind is characterized by a charge-state distribution that is similar to slow wind, but with an elemental composition that is coronal hole like. Based on these data, we present arguments for the location of the origin of this wind. We conclude that the boundary wind is a subset of the fast wind emanating from regions close to the boundaries of coronal holes and is accelerated by a similar process

CHARACTER OF CYTOCHROME OXIDASE 1 GENE (CO1) IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DAMSELFLY Agriocnemis femina FROM LINOW LAKE, TONDANO LAKE AND MOAT LAKE AT NORTH SULAWESI

This study aims to find the character gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), mitochondrial DNA damselfly (Agriocnemis femina) derived from Tondano Lake, Linow Lake and Lake Moat. The research was conducted in several stages, sampling, extraction and purification of total DNA, CO1 gene amplification and sequencing. Sequencing results were analyzed using Geneous Software 5.6.4. Further alignment analysis using NCBI BLAST (www.ncbi.nih.gov). Although the sample morphology Damselfly used for DNA analysis showed differences in the characteristics of phenotypically plastic. CO1 gene sequencing results of the six samples show the sequence of nitrogenous bases Damsefly have identical percentage (similarity), 99 percent or it can be said based gene CO1, six samples are the same species. Similarity 6 Damsefly samples from three different ecosystems that Tondano Lake, Lake and Lake Moat Linow average above 99% with Agriocnemis femina. Some differences morphological characters of each sample from a different lake ecosystems is not sufficient to give effect to CO1 gene mutations in mitochondrial DNA or gene conservation CO1 at Demselfly that live in three lake ecosystems is very high. Keywords: Character, CO1, Agriocnemis femina, Lake Tondano, Linow Lake, Lake   Moa

Alfvén Wave Turbulence as a Coronal Heating Mechanism: Simultaneously Predicting the Heating Rate and the Wave-induced Emission Line Broadening

We test the predictions of the Alfvén Wave Solar Model (AWSoM), a global wave-driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the solar atmosphere, against high-resolution spectra emitted by the quiescent off-disk solar corona. AWSoM incorporates Alfvén wave propagation and dissipation in both closed and open magnetic field lines; turbulent dissipation is the only heating mechanism. We examine whether this mechanism is consistent with observations of coronal EUV emission by combining model results with the CHIANTI atomic database to create synthetic line-of-sight spectra, where spectral line widths depend on thermal and wave-related ion motions. This is the first time wave-induced line broadening is calculated from a global model with a realistic magnetic field. We used high-resolution SUMER observations above the solar west limb between 1.04 and 1.34 R o at the equator, taken in 1996 November. We obtained an AWSoM steady-state solution for the corresponding period using a synoptic magnetogram. The 3D solution revealed a pseudo-streamer structure transversing the SUMER line of sight, which contributes significantly to the emission; the modeled electron temperature and density in the pseudo-streamer are consistent with those observed. The synthetic line widths and the total line fluxes are consistent with the observations for five different ions. Further, line widths that include the contribution from the wave-induced ion motions improve the correspondence with observed spectra for all ions. We conclude that the turbulent dissipation assumed in the AWSoM model is a viable candidate for explaining coronal heating, as it is consistent with several independent measured quantities.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant AGS-1322543