Core Principles of Early Childhood Education Through the Lens of California\u27s Transitional Kindergarten Teachers and Administrators

California\u27s public-school system recently introduced another grade level, Transitional Kindergarten, as an opportunity to offer universal access to early education for all 4-year-olds. Elementary school teachers and administrators must be well prepared to support and education these young children. This dissertation focuses on four key principles to ensure high-quality learning: Developmentally Appropriate Practices, Social and Emotional Learning, Dual Language Learning, and Early Intervention. To gain a better understanding of teacher and administrator perspectives on these core principles of early childhood education, a comprehensive survey was administered online, with a total of # teacher and # administrator respondents. Results indicate that TK and Kindergarten teachers are fairly knowledgeable and confident with these four core principles of early learning and instruction, but administrators report varied levels of appreciation for Developmentally Appropriate Practice and Play-Based Instruction in the context of their work. It appears that teachers’ educational background and experience may influence their perspectives, pointing to specific recommendations for professional development opportunities

Missed Foreign Body Presenting as a Chronically Painful Hand. A Case Report

Missed foreign bodies are common. They may remain asymptomatic or else lead to wide range of complications. We present an 8- years boy who suffered from chronic pain in his right hand case due to a missed foreign body

Gender: shaping personality, lives and health of women in Pakistan

Background Gender norms determine the status of Pakistani women that influence their life including health. In Pakistan, the relationship between gender norms and health of women is crucial yet complex demanding further analysis. This paper: determines the reasons for reiteration of gender roles; describes the societal processes and mechanisms that reproduce and reinforce them; and identifies their repercussions on women’s personality, lives and health especially reproductive health. Methods As part of a six-country study titled ‘Women’s Empowerment in Muslim Contexts’, semi-structured group discussions (n = 30) were conducted with women (n = 250) who were selected through snowballing from different age, ethnic and socio-economic categories. Discussion guidelines were used to collect participant’s perceptions about Pakistani women’s: characteristics, powers, aspirations, needs and responsibilities; circumstances these women live in such as opportunities, constraints and risks; and influence of these circumstances on their personality, lifestyle and health. Results The society studied has constructed a ‘Model’ for women that consider them ‘Objects’ without rights and autonomy. Women’s subordination, a prerequisite to ensure compliance to the constructed model, is maintained through allocation of lesser resources, restrictions on mobility, seclusion norms and even violence in cases of resistance. The model determines women’s traits and responsibilities, and establishes parameters for what is legitimate for women, and these have implications for their personality, lifestyle and health, including their reproductive behaviours. Conclusion There is a strong link between women’s autonomy, rights, and health. This demands a gender sensitive and a, right-based approach towards health. In addition to service delivery interventions, strategies are required to counter factors influencing health status and restricting access to and utilization of services. Improvement in women’s health is bound to have positive influences on their children and wider family’s health, education and livelihood; and in turn on a society’s health and economy

Validation and implementation of a national survey to assess antimicrobial stewardship awareness, practices and perceptions amongst community pharmacists in Australia

Objectives Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes are well established in hospitals, yet such programmes have not been widely implemented in the community. Understanding current practices and perceptions of community pharmacists about AMS may provide insights into the implementation of AMS in community pharmacies. The aims of this study were to validate a questionnaire to measure community pharmacists’ perceptions of AMS and to explore barriers and facilitators to their involvement in community-based AMS initiatives. Methods A 44-item survey questionnaire comprising sections on demographics, AMS practices and perceptions of community pharmacists, and barriers and facilitators to AMS was hosted online. Community pharmacists were recruited through social media pages of community pharmacist groups across Australia. Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analysis were used to measure the reliability and validity of the survey tool, respectively. Results A total of 330 community pharmacists started the survey, with 255 of them completing at least one question. Pharmacists were more likely to intervene with general practitioners (GPs) (≥80% of the time) for allergies, dosing and drug interactions and were less likely to intervene if they felt the choice of antibiotic was inappropriate (45%). Major barriers limiting pharmacists’ participation in AMS were lack of access both to patient data (82.6%) and to a standard guideline to implement AMS programmes (72.1%). Almost all pharmacists (98%) reported that better collaboration with GPs would improve their participation in AMS initiatives. Conclusion Future studies utilising the knowledge gained from this study may provide a framework for AMS in community pharmacy settings

Syntax circuitry: a mobile game for practicing programming language syntax

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics [1], computer science professions are among the fastest growing occupations in the U.S., and computer science occupations will add more than half a million new jobs in the next ten years. A similar need for computer professionals is expected in Kazakhstan. Simultaneously, universities in the U.S. and worldwide are seeing poor retention rates in computer science, a major reason being that students often view the early courses in the subject as uninteresting and dull [2]. Game-based learning is one of many techniques proposed to address this issue [2,3,4,5]. We have developed a mobile game that provides an engaging way for students to practice (not learn) the basic syntax of C, C++ and Java (since these languages share the same syntax for basic constructs like declarations, selection and iteration). Learning programming language syntax is a tedious process. Practicing by programming is, of course, ideal, but we believe that a game which is fun to play in their spare time will help students get used to distinguishing correct syntactical constructs quickly