951 research outputs found
Smoking among males in a low socioeconomic area of Karachi
Approximately half of the families in Pakistan reported having at least one smoker in 1992. Smokers were less educated, poorer and more likely to come from a rural background than non-smokers. The proportion of family earnings in poor families with marginal incomes, may be substantial. We conducted this survey to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking in males over 15 years of age in Azam Basti, an urban squatter settlement of Karachi where 31% of the children less than 5 years old were malnourished. A pretested, structured questionnaire was administered to males aged fifteen years and above, from randomly selected homes in Azam Basti. In our sample of 102 persons the respondents were 38 years old on average, and earned about Rs. 4,500 (US 140) (OR = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 0.8, 7.3). Smoking is common in urban squatter settlements in Pakistan. Parental smoking and its relationship with malnutrition in children under five is not well documented or publicized, even though there is evidence that it has a contribution. We propose that primary health care programs consider smoking prevention and cessation as community based interventions
Beeping a Maximal Independent Set
We consider the problem of computing a maximal independent set (MIS) in an
extremely harsh broadcast model that relies only on carrier sensing. The model
consists of an anonymous broadcast network in which nodes have no knowledge
about the topology of the network or even an upper bound on its size.
Furthermore, it is assumed that an adversary chooses at which time slot each
node wakes up. At each time slot a node can either beep, that is, emit a
signal, or be silent. At a particular time slot, beeping nodes receive no
feedback, while silent nodes can only differentiate between none of its
neighbors beeping, or at least one of its neighbors beeping.
We start by proving a lower bound that shows that in this model, it is not
possible to locally converge to an MIS in sub-polynomial time. We then study
four different relaxations of the model which allow us to circumvent the lower
bound and find an MIS in polylogarithmic time. First, we show that if a
polynomial upper bound on the network size is known, it is possible to find an
MIS in O(log^3 n) time. Second, if we assume sleeping nodes are awoken by
neighboring beeps, then we can also find an MIS in O(log^3 n) time. Third, if
in addition to this wakeup assumption we allow sender-side collision detection,
that is, beeping nodes can distinguish whether at least one neighboring node is
beeping concurrently or not, we can find an MIS in O(log^2 n) time. Finally, if
instead we endow nodes with synchronous clocks, it is also possible to find an
MIS in O(log^2 n) time.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1108.192
On the form of growing strings
Patterns and forms adopted by Nature, such as the shape of living cells, the
geometry of shells and the branched structure of plants, are often the result
of simple dynamical paradigms. Here we show that a growing self-interacting
string attached to a tracking origin, modeled to resemble nascent polypeptides
in vivo, develops helical structures which are more pronounced at the growing
end. We also show that the dynamic growth ensemble shares several features of
an equilibrium ensemble in which the growing end of the polymer is under an
effective stretching force. A statistical analysis of native states of proteins
shows that the signature of this non-equilibrium phenomenon has been fixed by
evolution at the C-terminus, the growing end of a nascent protein. These
findings suggest that a generic non-equilibrium growth process might have
provided an additional evolutionary advantage for nascent proteins by favoring
the preferential selection of helical structures.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let
Walks of molecular motors in two and three dimensions
Molecular motors interacting with cytoskeletal filaments undergo peculiar
random walks consisting of alternating sequences of directed movements along
the filaments and diffusive motion in the surrounding solution. An ensemble of
motors is studied which interacts with a single filament in two and three
dimensions. The time evolution of the probability distribution for the bound
and unbound motors is determined analytically. The diffusion of the motors is
strongly enhanced parallel to the filament. The analytical expressions are in
excellent agreement with the results of Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, to be published in Europhys. Let
Finite size effects and error-free communication in Gaussian channels
The efficacy of a specially constructed Gallager-type error-correcting code
to communication in a Gaussian channel is being examined. The construction is
based on the introduction of complex matrices, used in both encoding and
decoding, which comprise sub-matrices of cascading connection values. The
finite size effects are estimated for comparing the results to the bounds set
by Shannon. The critical noise level achieved for certain code-rates and
infinitely large systems nearly saturates the bounds set by Shannon even when
the connectivity used is low
Case-fatality ratio of blood culture–confirmed typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh
With impending rollout of new conjugate typhoid vaccines, better estimates of typhoid case-fatality ratio are needed for countries to set priorities for public health programs. We enrolled 1425 patients of all ages with blood culture–confirmed Salmonella Typhi from laboratory networks serving inpatients and outpatients in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Participants were asked about symptoms and complications including death experienced over a median 3-month period following blood culture diagnosis. Four fatal cases were identified (case-fatality ratio of 0.3% [95% confidence interval, .05%–.55%]). Applying this case-fatality ratio to global typhoid burden estimates would reduce deaths by 70%
Statistical Physics of Irregular Low-Density Parity-Check Codes
Low-density parity-check codes with irregular constructions have been
recently shown to outperform the most advanced error-correcting codes to date.
In this paper we apply methods of statistical physics to study the typical
properties of simple irregular codes.
We use the replica method to find a phase transition which coincides with
Shannon's coding bound when appropriate parameters are chosen.
The decoding by belief propagation is also studied using statistical physics
arguments; the theoretical solutions obtained are in good agreement with
simulations. We compare the performance of irregular with that of regular codes
and discuss the factors that contribute to the improvement in performance.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, revised version submitted to JP
Statistical Mechanics Analysis of LDPC Coding in MIMO Gaussian Channels
Using analytical methods of statistical mechanics, we analyse the typical
behaviour of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Gaussian channel with
binary inputs under LDPC network coding and joint decoding. The saddle point
equations for the replica symmetric solution are found in particular
realizations of this channel, including a small and large number of
transmitters and receivers. In particular, we examine the cases of a single
transmitter, a single receiver and the symmetric and asymmetric interference
channels. Both dynamical and thermodynamical transitions from the ferromagnetic
solution of perfect decoding to a non-ferromagnetic solution are identified for
the cases considered, marking the practical and theoretical limits of the
system under the current coding scheme. Numerical results are provided, showing
the typical level of improvement/deterioration achieved with respect to the
single transmitter/receiver result, for the various cases.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figure
Integrating facility-based surveillance with healthcare utilization surveys to estimate enteric fever incidence: Methods and challenges
Cohort studies and facility-based sentinel surveillance are common approaches to characterizing infectious disease burden, but present trade-offs; cohort studies are resource-intensive and may alter disease natural history, while sentinel surveillance underestimates incidence in the population. Hybrid surveillance, whereby facility-based surveillance is paired with a community-based healthcare utilization assessment, represents an alternative approach to generating population-based disease incidence estimates with moderate resource investments. Here, we discuss this method in the context of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) study. We describe how data are collected and utilized to adjust enteric fever incidence for blood culture sensitivity, facility-based enrollment, and healthcare seeking, incorporating uncertainty in these parameters in the uncertainty around incidence estimates. We illustrate how selection of surveillance sites and their coverage may influence precision and bias, and we identify approaches in the study design and analysis to minimize and control for these biases. Rigorously designed hybrid surveillance systems can be an efficient approach to generating population-based incidence estimates for infectious diseases
- …