Peranan Hukum Adat dalam Menjaga Kelestarian Hutan Larangan Adat Kenegerian Rumbio Kecamatan Kampar Kabupaten Kampar

One example of common law in Indonesia is common law in Kenegerian Rumbio, Kampar District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. Kenegerian Rumbio has banned indigenous forest still maintained continuity. The forest area is listed on the Forest department is approximately 530 ha. This is research used a snowball sampling technique, subjects were selected based on recommendations person to person according to research to be interviewed. Data collection methods used in this study were in-depth interviews, observation, and study documents. The data analysis was conducted in three phases. The first phase, researchers conducted an analysis that linked the answers intrasubjek subjects with theory and concepts related to the research. The second phase, conducted antarsubjek analysis comparing data from each subject. At this stage, researchers performed the interpretation of the data so as to achieve the purpose of research. The third phase, the data collected were then analyzed using descriptive analysis. Kenegerian Rumbio customary law has two forms of customary rules in the forest preserve customary prohibition, namely: the rules of the ban and the rules of thing is allowed. The rules of prohibition are: cutting down trees without permission from the ninik mamak, burn the forest, enable divert forest land, wildlife hunting, arrogant when entering the forest, and speaking dirty in the woods. While the form of the permitted rules are: take firewood (wood that is already dead), took the fruit has matured, and conduct scientific research. If there is a breach in the case, the perpetrator will be prosecuted according to the customary laws in Kenegerian Rumbio. The perpetrator will be given sanction in accordance with the agreement of the ninik mamak in the deliberations conducted in the customary hall

Gender: shaping personality, lives and health of women in Pakistan

Background Gender norms determine the status of Pakistani women that influence their life including health. In Pakistan, the relationship between gender norms and health of women is crucial yet complex demanding further analysis. This paper: determines the reasons for reiteration of gender roles; describes the societal processes and mechanisms that reproduce and reinforce them; and identifies their repercussions on women’s personality, lives and health especially reproductive health. Methods As part of a six-country study titled ‘Women’s Empowerment in Muslim Contexts’, semi-structured group discussions (n = 30) were conducted with women (n = 250) who were selected through snowballing from different age, ethnic and socio-economic categories. Discussion guidelines were used to collect participant’s perceptions about Pakistani women’s: characteristics, powers, aspirations, needs and responsibilities; circumstances these women live in such as opportunities, constraints and risks; and influence of these circumstances on their personality, lifestyle and health. Results The society studied has constructed a ‘Model’ for women that consider them ‘Objects’ without rights and autonomy. Women’s subordination, a prerequisite to ensure compliance to the constructed model, is maintained through allocation of lesser resources, restrictions on mobility, seclusion norms and even violence in cases of resistance. The model determines women’s traits and responsibilities, and establishes parameters for what is legitimate for women, and these have implications for their personality, lifestyle and health, including their reproductive behaviours. Conclusion There is a strong link between women’s autonomy, rights, and health. This demands a gender sensitive and a, right-based approach towards health. In addition to service delivery interventions, strategies are required to counter factors influencing health status and restricting access to and utilization of services. Improvement in women’s health is bound to have positive influences on their children and wider family’s health, education and livelihood; and in turn on a society’s health and economy

Giant Size Pilocytic Astrocytoma in Pediatric Patient : A Case Report

Introduction: Pilocytic astrocytomas are the most common primary tumor in children and adolescents, accounting for approximately 15.6% of all brain tumors and 5.4% of all gliomas. The incidence of tumors substantially decreases with age and diagnosis in patients older than 50 years is less common. According to the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), its development is more common in the first two decades of life and there are few reports in the age group over 18 years. Case Report: An 8-year-old girl was brought by her parents with complaints of loss of consciousness. This happened 2 days before admission to the hospital. The patient was prepared for craniotomy tumor removal. During the operation, the tumor specimen was sent to Anatomical Pathology for histopathological examination. The examination revealed calcified Rosenthal Fibers and eosinophilic granular bodies. Discussion : Astrocytic tumors originate from neuroepithelial tissue and are grade I because of their well-defined and slow-growing nature. They are mostly found in infratentorial structures such as the cerebellum and in the midline of brain structures such as the optic nerve, hypothalamus, and brainstem. However, it can be found anywhere on the neuroaxis. Considered relatively rare in adults, there are few publications on the most efficient treatment methods and subsequent patient outcomes. Conclusion: Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) treated with complete or near complete tumor resection tends to have a better prognosis, recent studies recommend aggressive tumor resection without neurologic deficits

HCV genotype-specific correlation with serum markers: Higher predictability for genotype 4a

Several factors have been proposed to assess the clinical outcome of HCV infection. The correlation of HCV genotypes to possible serum markers in clinical prediction is still controversial. The main objective of this study was to determine the existence of any correlation between HCV genotypes to viral load and different clinical serum markers.We performed a prospective cross-sectional and observational study. About 3160 serum HCV RNA positive patients were chosen from 4020 randomly selected anti-HCV positive patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16 software package. ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curves were used to compare diagnostic values of serum markers to predict genotypes.The most prevalent genotype was 3a (73.9%) followed by 1a (10.7%), 4a (6.4%) and 3b (6.1%) in Pakistani population. No correlation was found between viral load and serum markers for genotype 3a in a large no. of sample (n = 2336). While significant correlation was observed between viral load and AST in genotype 3b, ALP with viral load and ALT for genotype 1a. Patients with genotype 4a showed a significant inverse correlation with viral load and Hb level and AST with ALP. For genotype 4a, AUC (area under the curve) of ALT, ALP, AST, bilirubin, Hb level and viral load was 0.790, 0.763, 0.454, 0.664, 0.458 and 0.872 respectively.In conclusion, there was a significant variable response of HCV genotypes with serum markers. Severity of disease is independent of serum marker level in genotype 3a, while the liver damage in genotype 4a may associate with viral cytopathic effect as well as the immune-mediated process. An index using six serum markers may correctly predict genotype 4a in patients with ≥ 75% accuracy

Claudin-1 required for HCV virus entry has high potential for phosphorylation and O-glycosylation

HCV is a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis all over the world. Claudins belong to family of tight junction's proteins that are responsible for establishing barriers for controlling the flow of molecules around cells. For therapeutic strategies, regulation of viral entry into the host cells holds a lot of promise. During HCV infection claudin-1 is highly expressed in liver and believed to be associated with HCV virus entry after HCV binding with or without co-receptor CD81. The claudin-1 assembly with tight junctions is regulated by post translational modifications. During claudins assembly and disassembly with tight junctions, phosphorylation is required at C-terminal tail. In cellular proteins, interplay between phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc modification is believed to be functional switch, but it is very difficult to monitor these functional and vibrant changes in vivo. Netphos 2.0 and Disphos 1.3 programs were used for potential phosphorylation; NetPhosK 1.0 and KinasePhos for kinase prediction; and YinOYang 1.2 and OGPET to predict possible O-glycosylation sites. We also identified Yin Yang sites that may have potential for O-β-GlcNAc and phosphorylation interplay at same Ser/Thr residues. We for the first time proposed that alternate phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc modification on Ser 192, Ser 205, Ser 206; and Thr 191 may provide an on/off switch to regulate assembly of claudin-1 at tight junctions. In addition these phosphorylation sites may be targeted by novel chemotherapeutic agents to prevent phosphorylation lead by HCV viral entry complex

NS4A protein as a marker of HCV history suggests that different HCV genotypes originally evolved from genotype 1b

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The 9.6 kb long RNA genome of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is under the control of RNA dependent RNA polymerase, an error-prone enzyme, for its transcription and replication. A high rate of mutation has been found to be associated with RNA viruses like HCV. Based on genetic variability, HCV has been classified into 6 different major genotypes and 11 different subtypes. However this classification system does not provide significant information about the origin of the virus, primarily due to high mutation rate at nucleotide level. HCV genome codes for a single polyprotein of about 3011 amino acids which is processed into structural and non-structural proteins inside host cell by viral and cellular proteases.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have identified a conserved NS4A protein sequence for HCV genotype 3a reported from four different continents of the world i.e. Europe, America, Australia and Asia. We investigated 346 sequences and compared amino acid composition of NS4A protein of different HCV genotypes through Multiple Sequence Alignment and observed amino acid substitutions C₂₂, V₂₉, V₃₀, V₃₈, Q₄₆and Q₄₇in NS4A protein of genotype 1b. Furthermore, we observed C₂₂and V₃₀as more consistent members of NS4A protein of genotype 1a. Similarly Q₄₆and Q₄₇in genotype 5, V₂₉, V₃₀, Q₄₆and Q₄₇in genotype 4, C₂₂, Q₄₆and Q₄₇in genotype 6, C₂₂, V₃₈, Q₄₆and Q₄₇in genotype 3 and C₂₂in genotype 2 as more consistent members of NS4A protein of these genotypes. So the different amino acids that were introduced as substitutions in NS4A protein of genotype 1 subtype 1b have been retained as consistent members of the NS4A protein of other known genotypes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These observations indicate that NS4A protein of different HCV genotypes originally evolved from NS4A protein of genotype 1 subtype 1b, which in turn indicate that HCV genotype 1 subtype 1b established itself earlier in human population and all other known genotypes evolved later as a result of mutations in HCV genotype 1b. These results were further confirmed through phylogenetic analysis by constructing phylogenetic tree using NS4A protein as a phylogenetic marker.</p

Carbon nanotubes assisted analytical detection – sensing/delivery cues for environmental and biomedical monitoring

The architecture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) demonstrate phenomenal electronic, mechanical, biological and thermal attributes for highly requisite real-time applications. For instance, electronic and biological features of CNTs are surprisingly striking to engineer robust sensing and/or delivery cues for environmental, analytical diagnostics, and biomedical settings. With CNTs enforcement, several types of pristine and hybrid nanomaterials have been fabricated, though using different support carriers and synthetic or biological materials and used as sensory items or exploited as drug delivery systems (DDSs). Regardless of intensive research and applied potentialities of CNTs, several concerns, such as biodegradability, biotoxicity, and biosafety remains challenging and should be dealt with care prior to design and fabrication. This is mainly because of the lacking standardized protocols and ramification of pristine CNTs or CNTs-based hybrid nano-constructs on the ecosystem and human body are not well-established. For the futuristic use of these remarkable materials in the environmental, analytical diagnostics, and biomedical settings, their biological attributes and multifunctional characteristics must be elucidated with state-of-the-art. Herein, we reviewed CNTs-assisted analytical detection potentialities at large, and sensing/delivery potentialities of CNTs-based cues, in particular for environmental and biomedical monitoring. Several examples are given with particular emphasis to biosensors, DDSs, and implantations of CNTs-based cues to recognize viruses, cancerous cells, glucose, DNA, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and various inorganic gases. The review is wrapped-up with concluding notes and brief outlook over the futuristic developments to further insight the CNTs-based robust cues and their perspectives for commercialization

Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Buffaloes

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease causing significant economic losses worldwide. Early detection of this disease is essential for its control and eradication. Presently, an Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) was developed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as antigen and compared with the commercial kit using one hundred negative and positive sera each from buffaloes. The agreement for the positive result between the developed and commercial I-ELISA was 78% and for the negative it was 100%. At 52.49%, 53.09%, 53.26%, 53.86% and 53.94% cut off the sensitivity was 100%, 100%, 97.53%, 88.93% and 86.42%, while the specificity was 84.03%, 84.87%, 85.71%, 87.39% and 87.39%, respectively, for developed I-ELISA. This developed test can be used for the screening of herds as the relative sensitivity is higher