Morphological and Structural Changes in Microcrystalline Cellulose from OPEFB by Mechanical Grinding

Microcrystalline cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was grinded in planetary ball mill with dry state (without solvent) and solvent-assisted (ethanol and acetone). The effect of dry state and solvent-assisted on morphological and structural changes of microcrystalline cellulose were investigated. The structure changes, including particle size, powder morphology, crystalline structure, and molecular structure during the mechanical grinding were investigated by Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer, SEM, XRD and FT-IR, respectively. The original fibrous microcrystalline cellulose was changed into irregular shape with finer micronized particles by dry state and solvent-assisted. SEM results showed that solvent-assisted significantly prevented the agglomeration phenomena during the grinding process, compared to dry state. The crystallinity after 4h solvent-assisted grinding showed fairly low crystallinity, while amorphous characteristic was observed with dry state grinding. The solvent-assisted led the hydrophilic parts of microcrystalline cellulose become stiff during the grinding that might be less deformed, leading to a fairly retain in crystallinity. The finer micronized particles were obtained under acetone-assisted and its crystallinity was fairly kept. XRD results indicated that crystalline form of origin microcrystalline was not changed by mechanical grinding

Pengaruh Mikoriza Arbuskula dan Inang Portulaca SP. terhadap Aklimatisasi Plantlet Cendana (Santalum Album L.)

Cendana (Santalum album L.) menghasilkan kayu aromatik bernilai ekonomi tinggi yang dibutuhkan pada berbagai industri. Cendana dicanangkan oleh IUCN sebagai pohon kritis terancam punah. Kultur jaringan untuk penyelamatan maupun perbanyakan cendana merupakan teknik yang menjanjikan untuk menurunkan tingkat kelangkaan dan penyediaan bahan baku industri. Permasalahan utama kultur jaringan cendana adalah terhambatnya pertumbuhan perakaran dan tingginya mortalitas planlet pada tahap aklimatisasi. Interaksi akar hemiparasit cendana dengan biotik tanaman (inang) dan mikroorganisme tanah merupakan penentu aklimatisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan observasi pengaruh mikoriza arbuskula (5 gram, 7,5 gram dan 10 gram) sebagai bionutrisi dan Portulaca sp. sebagai tanaman inang terhadap aklimatisasi kultur jaringan cendana. Tingkat mortalitas plantlet dan pertambahan tinggi bibit cendana digunakan sebagai parameter untuk 25 ulangan pada masing-masing perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan 5 gram mikoriza pada plantlet cendana yang ditanam bersama inang Portulaca sp. mempunyai nilai mortalitas terendah (24 %) setelah 12 minggu inkubasi dengan rata-rata tinggi bibit tebaik (6,72 cm ± 1,33) setelah 16 minggu inkubasi di rumah kaca. Kesesuaian lingkungan biotik pada rizosfer mempunyai peran penting terhadap aklimatisasi plantlet cendana

Kultur Jaringan Cendana (Santalum Album L.) Menggunakan Eksplan Mata Tunas

The research aim is to observe tissue culture method for Sandalwood using node explants. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium solidified with agar and supplemented with varies combination of hormones: BAP (benzyl-amino-purine), NAA (napthalene-acetic-acid), IAA (indole-acetic-acid) and Kinetin (furfuril-amino-purine) for shoot induction, multiplication and rooting. The results of study showed that the medium of MS+1 mg/l BAP+0.01 mg/ lNAA provided a good response for shoot induction of Sandalwood clones number A.III.4.14 at around 85%. The medium of MS+0.5 mg/l BAP+0.01 mg/l NAA provided a good response for shoot multiplication of the clones number A.III.4.14 (number of shoot and shoot elongation). The rooting medium of ½MS+20 mg/l IAA+1 mg/l IAA and 0.01 mg/l NAA resulted rooting percentage across the clones at around 37%. The highest survival rate after acclimatization was found at clone number WS6 at around 56%

The Induction of Shoots, Multiplication, and Rooting of Gyrinops Versteegii (Gilg.) Domke by in Vitro

Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke is including one of superior agarwood-producing plants and naturally growing in Eastern Indonesia as Nusa Tenggara and Papua. Indonesia has been trading agarwood products both domestically and overseas which one of them is agarwood produced by G. versteegii. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro culture method for mass propagation of G. versteegii. Shoot induction conducted on MS medium supplemented with Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) 0.7; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0 mg/l. The multiplication of shoots conducted on MS medium supplemented with the best concentration of hormones Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) from shoot induction phase. The rooting of shoots conducted on half strength MS medium supplemented with interaction of hormones Napthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 0.01 mg/l with concentration of hormones Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; and 4.0 mg/l. Epicotyl explant with a given concentration level of the hormones BAP 0.7 mg/l produce the highest rates number of shoots and shoot length compared to other explant respectively 4.8 shoots and 0.41 cm within 6 weeks. The best explant developments in the best medium able to promote the growth of the length and number of shoots are 0.28 shoots and 0.3 cm within 4 weeks. Explants easiest, quickest and most high- sprouting ability as a factor of success in terms of multiplication is epicotyl. The combination treatment of material explant with concentration of BAP only affect to growth of shoots length. The combination treatment of hormone NAA with concentration of hormones IBA has no effect against root formation and growth root length

Induksi Tunas, Multiplikasi dan Perakaran Gyrinops Versteegii (Gilg.) Domke secara In Vitro

Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke is including one of superior agarwood-producing plants and naturally growing in Eastern Indonesia as Nusa Tenggara and Papua. Indonesia has been trading agarwood products both domestically and overseas which one of them is agarwood produced by G.versteegii. This study purpose was to develop an in vitro culture method for mass propagation of G. versteegii. Shoot induction conducted on MS medium supplemented with Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) 0.7; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0 mg/l. The shoots multiplication conducted on MS medium supplemented with the best concentration of BAP from shoot induction phase. The rooting of shoots conducted on half strength MS medium supplemented with interaction of Napthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 0.01 mg/l with concentration of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; and 4.0 mg/l. Epicotyl explant with a given concentration level of BAP 0.7 mg/l produce the highest rates number of shoots and shoot length compared to other explant respectively 4.8 shoots and 0.41 cm within 6 weeks. The best explant developments in the best medium able to promote the growth of the length and number of shoots are 0.28 shoots and 0.3 cm within 4 weeks. Explants easiest, quickest and most high sprouting ability as a factor of success in terms of multiplication is epicotyl. The combination treatment of material explant with concentration of BAP only affect to growth of shoots length. The combination treatment of NAA with concentration of IBA has no effect against root formation and growth rootlength

Pengujian Penanda Random Amplified Polymorphism Dna Untuk Mengetahui Kestabilan Genetik Klon Jati (Tectona Grandis)

This study aimed to test RAPD markers to assess genetic stability of teak clones. Two experimental steps were carried out. First, nine RAPD markers were screened to verify the level of polymorphic loci; second, the polymorphic loci were applied to test genetic stability of clones. To test polymorphism levels of the primers, DNA was isolated from eight leaf samples that were collected from a seed orchard located at Watusipat, Gunung Kidul. To verify genetic stability of clones, DNA was isolated from leaf samples of 24 ramets of 3 clones after second sub-culturing. Results showed that amplification of 5 out of 9 RAPD primers were be consisten and produced 12 polymorphic loci. The number of polymorphic alleles per locus ranged between 1 and 3; the allele sizes were between 400 and 1,050 base pairs (bps). The percentage of polymorphic loci was 100%; it meant that overall loci have high polymorphism level. Based on these loci showed that the 24 ramets are clones; there was no somaclonal variation or high genetic stability. However, these loci need to be validated using more stable DNA markers

Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh pada Induksi Kalus Embriogenik Klon Cendana (Santalum Album Linn.)

Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is a tree which has a high rate of natural sprouting ability. Eventhough the propagation by the conventional techniques (shoot and root cuttings) and by the tissue culture have been reported, the percentage of plants regeneration is still low. The propagation using somatic embryogenesis was reported as better result than using shoots multiplication technique or organogenesis. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of clones, type and concentration of plant growth regulator on the development embryogenic callus of sandalwood. The three tested clones are C1, C2, and C3. The plant growth regulators are 2.4-D, Dicamba, and Picloram with the three level of concentrations:1 mg/L, 3 mg/L, and 5 mg/L. The result of study showed that the clone of C3 performed best on embryogenic callus development. It was observed through morphological analysis that 58.12% of explants performed embryogenic callus with friable texture and white, yellowish in colours. However, there were not significant differences between the types of plant growth regulator, the level of concentrations and their interactions on embryogenic callus development of sandalwoo