3,143 research outputs found
Apparent digestibility in meat-type guinea pigs as determined by total collection or by internal marker
Six adult male meat-type guinea pigs were subjected to three subsequent digestibility trials with 100% alfalfa, 50% alfalfa and 50% sugar cane and 50% alfalfa and 50% concentrate. For each animal in each period, feed intakes were recorded and all faeces were collected and stored at -20 degrees C until analysis. Feeds and faeces were analysed for dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, ether-extract, crude fibre and acid-insoluble ash. Coefficients of apparent digestibility were calculated according to both the total collection method and the marker method with acid-insoluble ash as internal marker. The present study suggests that acid-insoluble ash is not valid as an internal marker when looking at differences between individuals, but might be useful to demonstrate differences between diets, albeit with lack of accuracy for estimating the absolute digestibility coefficients obtained through the total collection method. Sugar cane was slightly less digestible than alfalfa in meat-type guinea-pigs
Bifurcation analysis of a normal form for excitable media: Are stable dynamical alternans on a ring possible?
We present a bifurcation analysis of a normal form for travelling waves in
one-dimensional excitable media. The normal form which has been recently
proposed on phenomenological grounds is given in form of a differential delay
equation. The normal form exhibits a symmetry preserving Hopf bifurcation which
may coalesce with a saddle-node in a Bogdanov-Takens point, and a symmetry
breaking spatially inhomogeneous pitchfork bifurcation. We study here the Hopf
bifurcation for the propagation of a single pulse in a ring by means of a
center manifold reduction, and for a wave train by means of a multiscale
analysis leading to a real Ginzburg-Landau equation as the corresponding
amplitude equation. Both, the center manifold reduction and the multiscale
analysis show that the Hopf bifurcation is always subcritical independent of
the parameters. This may have links to cardiac alternans which have so far been
believed to be stable oscillations emanating from a supercritical bifurcation.
We discuss the implications for cardiac alternans and revisit the instability
in some excitable media where the oscillations had been believed to be stable.
In particular, we show that our condition for the onset of the Hopf bifurcation
coincides with the well known restitution condition for cardiac alternans.Comment: to be published in Chao
Sufficient Conditions for Fast Switching Synchronization in Time Varying Network Topologies
In previous work, empirical evidence indicated that a time-varying network
could propagate sufficient information to allow synchronization of the
sometimes coupled oscillators, despite an instantaneously disconnected
topology. We prove here that if the network of oscillators synchronizes for the
static time-average of the topology, then the network will synchronize with the
time-varying topology if the time-average is achieved sufficiently fast. Fast
switching, fast on the time-scale of the coupled oscillators, overcomes the
descychnronizing decoherence suggested by disconnected instantaneous networks.
This result agrees in spirit with that of where empirical evidence suggested
that a moving averaged graph Laplacian could be used in the master-stability
function analysis. A new fast switching stability criterion here-in gives
sufficiency of a fast-switching network leading to synchronization. Although
this sufficient condition appears to be very conservative, it provides new
insights about the requirements for synchronization when the network topology
is time-varying. In particular, it can be shown that networks of oscillators
can synchronize even if at every point in time the frozen-time network topology
is insufficiently connected to achieve synchronization.Comment: Submitted to SIAD
Unifying theory of quantum state estimation using past and future information
Quantum state estimation for continuously monitored dynamical systems
involves assigning a quantum state to an individual system at some time,
conditioned on the results of continuous observations. The quality of the
estimation depends on how much observed information is used and on how
optimality is defined for the estimate. In this work, we consider problems of
quantum state estimation where some of the measurement records are not
available, but where the available records come from both before (past) and
after (future) the estimation time, enabling better estimates than is possible
using the past information alone. Past-future information for quantum systems
has been used in various ways in the literature, in particular, the quantum
state smoothing, the most-likely path, and the two-state vector and related
formalisms. To unify these seemingly unrelated approaches, we propose a
framework for partially-observed quantum system with continuous monitoring,
wherein the first two existing formalisms can be accommodated, with some
generalization. The unifying framework is based on state estimation with
expected cost minimization, where the cost can be defined either in the space
of the unknown record or in the space of the unknown true state. Moreover, we
connect all three existing approaches conceptually by defining five new cost
functions, and thus new types of estimators, which bridge the gaps between
them. We illustrate the applicability of our method by calculating all seven
estimators we consider for the example of a driven two-level system
dissipatively coupled to bosonic baths. Our theory also allows connections to
classical state estimation, which create further conceptual links between our
quantum state estimators.Comment: 48 pages, 9 figure
Free expansion of impenetrable bosons on one-dimensional optical lattices
We review recent exact results for the free expansion of impenetrable bosons
on one-dimensional lattices, after switching off a confining potential. When
the system is initially in a superfluid state, far from the regime in which the
Mott-insulator appears in the middle of the trap, the momentum distribution of
the expanding bosons rapidly approaches the momentum distribution of
noninteracting fermions. Remarkably, no loss in coherence is observed in the
system as reflected by a large occupation of the lowest eigenstate of the
one-particle density matrix. In the opposite limit, when the initial system is
a pure Mott insulator with one particle per lattice site, the expansion leads
to the emergence of quasicondensates at finite momentum. In this case,
one-particle correlations like the ones shown to be universal in the
equilibrium case develop in the system. We show that the out-of-equilibrium
behavior of the Shannon information entropy in momentum space, and its contrast
with the one of noninteracting fermions, allows to differentiate the two
different regimes of interest. It also helps in understanding the crossover
between them.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures, invited brief revie
Transformation elastodynamics and active exterior acoustic cloaking
This chapter consists of three parts. In the first part we recall the
elastodynamic equations under coordinate transformations. The idea is to use
coordinate transformations to manipulate waves propagating in an elastic
material. Then we study the effect of transformations on a mass-spring network
model. The transformed networks can be realized with "torque springs", which
are introduced here and are springs with a force proportional to the
displacement in a direction other than the direction of the spring terminals.
Possible homogenizations of the transformed networks are presented, with
potential applications to cloaking. In the second and third parts we present
cloaking methods that are based on cancelling an incident field using active
devices which are exterior to the cloaked region and that do not generate
significant fields far away from the devices. In the second part, the exterior
cloaking problem for the Laplace equation is reformulated as the problem of
polynomial approximation of analytic functions. An explicit solution is given
that allows to cloak larger objects at a fixed distance from the cloaking
device, compared to previous explicit solutions. In the third part we consider
the active exterior cloaking problem for the Helmholtz equation in 3D. Our
method uses the Green's formula and an addition theorem for spherical outgoing
waves to design devices that mimic the effect of the single and double layer
potentials in Green's formula.Comment: Submitted as a chapter for the volume "Acoustic metamaterials:
Negative refraction, imaging, lensing and cloaking", Craster and Guenneau
ed., Springe
Properties of recent IBAD-MOCVD Coated Conductors relevant to their high field, low temperature magnet use
BaZrO3 (BZO) nanorods are now incorporated into production IBAD-MOCVD coated
conductors. Here we compare several examples of both BZO-free and
BZO-containing coated conductors using critical current (Ic) characterizations
at 4.2 K over their full angular range up to fields of 31 T. We find that BZO
nanorods do not produce any c-axis distortion of the critical current density
Jc(theta) curve at 4.2 K at any field, but also that pinning is nevertheless
strongly enhanced compared to the non-BZO conductors. We also find that the
tendency of the ab-plane Jc(theta) peak to become cusp-like is moderated by BZO
and we define a new figure of merit that may be helpful for magnet design - the
OADI (Off-Axis Double Ic), which clearly shows that BZO broadens the ab-plane
peak and thus raises Jc 5-30{\deg} away from the tape plane, where the most
critical approach to Ic occurs in many coil designs. We describe some
experimental procedures that may make critical current Ic tests of these very
high current tapes more tractable at 4.2 K, where Ic exceeds 1000 A even for 4
mm wide tape with only 1 micron thickness of superconductor. A positive
conclusion is that BZO is very beneficial for the Jc characteristics at 4.2 K,
just as it is at higher temperatures, where the correlated c-axis pinning
effects of the nanorods are much more obvious
Supermassive black holes in the EAGLE Universe. Revealing the observables of their growth
We investigate the evolution of supermassive black holes in the ‘Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments’ (EAGLE) cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. The largest of the EAGLE volumes covers a (100 cMpc)3 and includes state-of-the-art physical models for star formation and black hole growth that depend only on local gas properties. We focus on the black hole mass function, Eddington ratio distribution and the implied duty cycle of nuclear activity. The simulation is broadly consistent with observational constraints on these quantities. In order to make a more direct comparison with observational data, we calculate the soft and hard X-ray luminosity functions of the active galactic nuclei (AGN). Between redshifts 0 and 1, the simulation is in agreement with data. At higher redshifts, the simulation tends to underpredict the luminosities of the brightest observed AGN. This may be due to the limited volume of the simulation, or a fundamental deficiency of the underlying model. It seems unlikely that additional unresolved variability can account for this difference. The simulation shows a similar ‘downsizing’ of the AGN population as seen in observational surveys
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