SeArch: a collaborative and intelligent NIDS architecture for SDN-based cloud IoT networks

The explosive rise of intelligent devices with ubiquitous connectivity have dramatically increased Internet of Things (IoT) traffic in cloud environment and created potential attack surfaces for cyber-attacks. Traditional security approaches are insufficient and inefficient to address security threats in cloud-based IoT networks. In this vein, Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Machine Learning techniques introduce numerous advantages that can effectively resolve cybersecurity matters for cloud-based IoT systems. In this paper, we propose a collaborative and intelligent network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) architecture, namely SeArch, for SDN-based cloud IoT networks. It composes a hierarchical layer of intelligent IDS nodes working in collaboration to detect anomalies and formulate policy into the SDN-based IoT gateway devices to stop malicious traffic as fast as possible. We first describe a new NIDS architecture with a comprehensive analysis in terms of the system resource and path selection optimizations. Next, the system process logic is extensively investigated through main consecutive procedures, including Initialization, Runtime Operation and Database Update. Afterwards, we conduct a detailed implementation of the proposed solution in an SDN-based environment and perform a variety of experiments. Finally, evaluation results of the SeArch architecture yield outstanding performance in anomaly detection and mitigation as well as bottleneck problem handling in the SDN-based cloud IoT networks in comparison with existing solutions

Fabrication of Graphene Oxide from the Graphite rod of a disposed battery

We report a new electrochemical exfoliation method to produce graphene oxide (GO) on a large scale from disposed graphite rod, recycled from a zinc-carbon battery. GO is exfoliated with plasma from the tip of the cathode. The properties of GO are characterized by Raman, SEM and EDX analysis. A moderate ratio of ID/IG 0.75 in Raman spectra indicates that the product includes a mix of GO and graphit

A gyrovirus infecting a sea bird

We characterized the genome of a highly divergent gyrovirus (GyV8) in the spleen and uropygial gland tissues of a diseased northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), a pelagic bird beached in San Francisco, California. No other exogenous viral sequences could be identified using viral metagenomics. The small circular DNA genome shared no significant nucleotide sequence identity, and only 38–42 % amino acid sequence identity in VP1, with any of the previously identified gyroviruses. GyV8 is the first member of the third major phylogenetic clade of this viral genus and the first gyrovirus detected in an avian species other than chicken

Pigeon rotavirus VP6 and phylogeny.

<p><b>A.</b> Pair-wise sliding window of % nucleotide similarity of pigeon rotavirus VP6 gene aligned with the related rotavirus species. <b>B.</b> Phylogenetic analyses of VP6 protein of pigeon rotavirus and representatives of all rotavirus species. ICTV approved and proposed Rotavirus species are shown with those containing avian rotaviruses labeled in bold font. GenBank accession numbers used are included in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072787#pone.0072787.s009" target="_blank">Table S5</a>.</p

Pigeon rotavirus VP4, VP7 and phylogeny.

<p><b>A.</b> Pair-wise sliding window of % nucleotide similarity of pigeon rotavirus VP4 and VP7 genes aligned with the related rotavirus species. <b>B.</b> Phylogenetic analyses of VP4 and VP7 proteins of pigeon rotavirus and representatives of all rotavirus species. ICTV approved and proposed Rotavirus species are shown with those containing avian rotaviruses labeled in bold font. GenBank accession numbers used are included in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072787#pone.0072787.s009" target="_blank">Table S5</a>.</p

Pigeon parvovirus genome and phylogeny.

<p><b>A.</b> Genome organization of pigeon parvovirus. The alignment of the large central ORF of pigeon parvovirus and ORF78 of fowl adenovirus is shown. <b>B.</b> Phylogenetic analyses of NS and VP proteins of pigeon parvovirus and related parvoviruses. The scale indicated amino acid substitutions per position. ICTV approved and proposed <i>Parvovirinae</i> genera are shown with those containing avian parvoviruses labeled in bold font. GenBank accession numbers used are included in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072787#pone.0072787.s007" target="_blank">Table S3</a>.</p

Amino acid sequence identities (%) of eleven proteins of a novel pigeon rotavirus to representatives of other rotavirus species (A-H) belonging to the genus <i>Rotaviru</i>s.

<p>GenBank numbers of these viruses are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072787#pone.0072787.s009" target="_blank">Table S5</a>.</p>*<p>A major peptide NSP1–2 used for identity calculation.</p

Mesivirus genome and phylogeny.

<p><b>A.</b> Genome organization of <i>Mesivirus</i> (<i>Picornaviridae</i>) and its sequence distance to the closest genetic relative, the turkey hepatitis virus (HQ189775) belonging to genus <i>Megrivirus</i>. <b>B.</b> Phylogenetic analyses of P3 regions of <i>Mesivirus-1</i> (KC876003) from Hong Kong and <i>Mesivirus-2</i> (KC811837) from Hungary and other representative picornaviruses. ICTV approved and proposed <i>Picornaviridae</i> genera are shown with those containing avian picornaviruses labeled in bold font. GenBank accession numbers used are included in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072787#pone.0072787.s008" target="_blank">Table S4</a>.</p