El privilegio de presentación de obispos en España concedido por tres papas al emperador Carlos v (1523-1536)

Cinco pontífices renacentistas resistieron conceder a los Reyes Católicos el alto privilegio de patronato y presentación de obispos a todas las catedrales y abadías consistoriales de sus reinos. Cambiados los signos de los tiempos, Adriano vi concedió en 1523 a Carlos v tan codiciado privilegio y derecho, Clemente vii revocó en 1527 y volvió a confirmar en 1530 la bula de papa Adriano y Paulo iii renovó en 1536 el privilegio como reconocimiento a la ayuda prestada por el emperador al pontificado y a la cristiandad. En el concilio de Trento se trató de plantear la validez de esta concesión, pero la propuesta resultó fuera de orden e inaceptable. Así estuvo en vigor el privilegio hasta la renuncia del rey don Juan Carlos i en 1976.Five renaissance pontiffs resisted the idea of giving the Catholic Monarchs the privilege of patronage, and of the presenting of bishops in all cathedrals and abbeys in the kingdoms. Once times changed, however, Adrian vi conceded Charles v the desired privilege and right in 1523, which Clement vii then revoked in 1527. This was then reconfirmed in the bull issued by Pope Adrian in 1530. Paul iii renewed the privilege in 1536 as a recognition of the help provided by the emperor both to the pontificate and Christianity. The Council of Trent attempted to present the validity of this concession, but this proposal was deemed out of order and unacceptable. The privilege thus remained in place until 1976, when King Juan Carlos I renounced it

Insights on the water effect on deep eutectic solvents properties and structuring: The archetypical case of choline chloride + ethylene glycol

The effect of water on the properties and nanostructuring of the prototypical choline chloride: ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent is studied using a combined experimental and theoretical approach. The reported results showed large hydrophilic character of the solvent, which is based on the ability of water molecules to be hydrogen bonded to the different components of the eutectic in a efficient way. The effect of water on the studied fluid is largely dependent on the concentration range but the properties of the eutectic solvent can be maintained up to reasonably large water content. Therefore, the water content in these solvents may be used for tuning and controlling their properties but maintaining properties and features.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain, project RTI2018-101987-B-I00). We also acknowledge SCAYLE (Supercomputación Castilla y León, Spain) for providing supercomputing facilities

Il6 gene promoter polymorphism (-174G/C) influences the association between fat mass and cardiovascular risk factors

During the last decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly among young people. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the IL6 gene (-174G/C), has been previously reported to be involved in obesity and metabolic syndrome development. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine whether the IL6 -174G/C polymorphism influence the association of body fat with low-grade inflammatory markers and blood lipids and lipoproteins in Spanish adolescents. 504 Spanish adolescents participating in the AVENA study were genotyped for the -174G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene. Anthropometric and body composition measurements were taken and blood samples were collected for plasma molecules determinations. No differences between genotypes were observed in anthropometric values, body composition measurements and plasma markers concentration. Physical activity level differ between genotypes with subjects carrying the C allele of the polymorphism being significantly (p<0.05) more active than GG subjects. The association between body fat mass and plasma glucose was influenced by the -174G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene. Subjects carrying the C allele of the mutation seem to have higher values of lipoprotein (a) and C-reactive protein as their percentage of body fat mass increase. Our results suggest that this promoter polymorphism influences the association between adiposity and some plasma markers

Revista de libros

Se reseñan los siguientes libros: - Saúl Taborda: La psicología y la pedagogía. Instituto de Pedagogía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, 1959. 1 vol. de 173 págs. - Edmon Michaud: Acción y pensamiento infantiles. Editorial Nova; Biblioteca Nova de Educación, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 131 págs. Prólogo de Maurice Debesse. Traducción de Susana de Aldecoa. - John I. H. Baur: Revolución y tradición en el arte moderno norteamericano. Editorial Poseidon, Buenos Aires, 1957. Vol. rústica, ilustrado, 188 págs. - Viktor Lowenfeld: El niño y su arte (Traducción de Alfredo M. Ghioldi). Editorial Kapelusz. Biblioteca de Cultura Pedagógica, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 202 págs. - Ilse T. M. de Brugger: Teatro alemán expresionista. Ed. La Mandragora, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 172 págs. - José Ortega y Gasset: La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva; Emecé Editores, Biblioteca de la Revista de Occidente, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 444 págs. - Andre Lothe: Los grandes pintores hablan de su arte. Traducción de Horacio A. Maniglia. Edit. Librería Hachette; Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. de 381 págs.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Revista de libros

Se reseñan los siguientes libros: - Saúl Taborda: La psicología y la pedagogía. Instituto de Pedagogía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, 1959. 1 vol. de 173 págs. - Edmon Michaud: Acción y pensamiento infantiles. Editorial Nova; Biblioteca Nova de Educación, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 131 págs. Prólogo de Maurice Debesse. Traducción de Susana de Aldecoa. - John I. H. Baur: Revolución y tradición en el arte moderno norteamericano. Editorial Poseidon, Buenos Aires, 1957. Vol. rústica, ilustrado, 188 págs. - Viktor Lowenfeld: El niño y su arte (Traducción de Alfredo M. Ghioldi). Editorial Kapelusz. Biblioteca de Cultura Pedagógica, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 202 págs. - Ilse T. M. de Brugger: Teatro alemán expresionista. Ed. La Mandragora, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 172 págs. - José Ortega y Gasset: La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva; Emecé Editores, Biblioteca de la Revista de Occidente, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 444 págs. - Andre Lothe: Los grandes pintores hablan de su arte. Traducción de Horacio A. Maniglia. Edit. Librería Hachette; Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. de 381 págs.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Revista de libros

Se reseñan los siguientes libros: - Saúl Taborda: La psicología y la pedagogía. Instituto de Pedagogía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, 1959. 1 vol. de 173 págs. - Edmon Michaud: Acción y pensamiento infantiles. Editorial Nova; Biblioteca Nova de Educación, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 131 págs. Prólogo de Maurice Debesse. Traducción de Susana de Aldecoa. - John I. H. Baur: Revolución y tradición en el arte moderno norteamericano. Editorial Poseidon, Buenos Aires, 1957. Vol. rústica, ilustrado, 188 págs. - Viktor Lowenfeld: El niño y su arte (Traducción de Alfredo M. Ghioldi). Editorial Kapelusz. Biblioteca de Cultura Pedagógica, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 202 págs. - Ilse T. M. de Brugger: Teatro alemán expresionista. Ed. La Mandragora, Buenos Aires, 1959. Vol. rústica, 172 págs. - José Ortega y Gasset: La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva; Emecé Editores, Biblioteca de la Revista de Occidente, Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. rústica, 444 págs. - Andre Lothe: Los grandes pintores hablan de su arte. Traducción de Horacio A. Maniglia. Edit. Librería Hachette; Buenos Aires, 1958. Vol. de 381 págs.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Design of the nutritional therapy for overweight and obese Spanish adolescents conducted by registered dieticians: the EVASYON study

Background: Dietary treatment for obese adolescents should aim to ensure adequate growth and development, by reducing excessive fat mass accumulation, avoiding loss of lean body mass, improving well-being and selfesteem and preventing cyclical weight regain. The aim of this article is to describe the dietary intervention design and the methods used to evaluate nutritional knowledge and behavior in the EVASYON study (Development, implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic programme for overweight/obese adolescents). Methods/design: EVASYON is a multi-centre study conducted in 5 Spanish hospital settings (Granada, Madrid, Pamplona, Santander and Zaragoza), where 204 overweight/obese Spanish adolescents were treated in groups of 9 to 11 subjects over 20 visits. The study was implemented in two stages: an intensive, calorie-restricted period for the first 9 weeks, and an extensive body-weight follow-up period for the last 11 months. A moderate energy intake restriction was applied in the intensive period according to the degree of obesity, on the basis of a balanced diet supplying 50-55% of daily energy as carbohydrates; 30-35% as fats and 10-15% as proteins. In the intensive period, adolescents were prescribed both a fixed full-day meal plan for the first three weeks and a full day meal plan with different food-choices for 6 weeks. Later, adolescents received a flexible meal plan based on food exchanges for the follow-up period until the end of the trial. Data on food intake, dietary and meal-related habits and behavior were collected by means of dietary questionnaires. To analyse nutritional knowledge, adolescents were examined regarding nutrient concepts and food items for a healthy diet with the appropriate tools. Participants were given nutritional information with complementary teaching material, which was available on the EVASYON website (www.estudioevasyon.com). Discussion: The dietary intervention of the EVASYON programme with a moderate calorie restriction for a limi - ted period of time could be a good strategy in treating overweight and obese adolescents and that will be tested further. Moreover, combining fixed plan with free-choice menus may help adolescents and their families to make right decisions for every day meals