Significance of the concentration of chloride in the repair of concrete highway structures using surface applied corrosion inhibitors

Presented at the first International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2005), Cape Town, South Africa, 21-23 November, 2005Advances in surface-applied corrosion inhibitors suggest that they have the potential to prevent or significantly retard corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures. It is thought that the effectiveness of the inhibitor depends on both the chloride concentration at the steel reinforcement and the inhibitor concentration. This paper presents the preliminary findings of a laboratory study into this assumption. Concrete specimens were ponded with chloride solutions to initiate corrosion. Inhibitor was applied to one face and the influence on corrosion activity was monitored by linear polarisation resistance measurement. The preliminary results of this continuing study showed that the surface-applied inhibitors could reduce the corrosion rate and this reduction depends on the chloride concentration. The practical implication is that there exists a chloride concentration range within which inhibitor use is most effective.European Research CouncilPublisher's descriptionhttp://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415396561/Many Taylor & Francis and Routledge books are now available as eBookshttp://www.eBookstore.tandf.co.ukSAMARIS projectConference website n/a. Link to published proceedings - http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415396561/. Publisher requirements are as follows: "must include the links www.tandf.co.uk and to our eBookstore www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk including the following phrase "many Taylor & Francis and Routledge books are now available as eBooks". Full acknowledgement must be given to the original source, with full details of figure/page numbers, title, author(s), publisher and year of publication."DG 07/07/10 ke - TS 22.07.1

Significance of the concentration of chloride in the repair of concrete highway structures using surface applied corrosion inhibitors

Presented at the first International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2005), Cape Town, South Africa, 21-23 November, 2005Advances in surface-applied corrosion inhibitors suggest that they have the potential to prevent or significantly retard corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures. It is thought that the effectiveness of the inhibitor depends on both the chloride concentration at the steel reinforcement and the inhibitor concentration. This paper presents the preliminary findings of a laboratory study into this assumption. Concrete specimens were ponded with chloride solutions to initiate corrosion. Inhibitor was applied to one face and the influence on corrosion activity was monitored by linear polarisation resistance measurement. The preliminary results of this continuing study showed that the surface-applied inhibitors could reduce the corrosion rate and this reduction depends on the chloride concentration. The practical implication is that there exists a chloride concentration range within which inhibitor use is most effective.European Research CouncilPublisher\u27s descriptionhttp://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415396561/Many Taylor & Francis and Routledge books are now available as eBookshttp://www.eBookstore.tandf.co.ukSAMARIS projectConference website n/a. Link to published proceedings - http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415396561/. Publisher requirements are as follows: "must include the links www.tandf.co.uk and to our eBookstore www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk including the following phrase "many Taylor & Francis and Routledge books are now available as eBooks". Full acknowledgement must be given to the original source, with full details of figure/page numbers, title, author(s), publisher and year of publication."DG 07/07/10 ke - TS 22.07.1

Metabolic independence drives gut microbial colonization and resilience in health and disease

Background: Changes in microbial community composition as a function of human health and disease states have sparked remarkable interest in the human gut microbiome. However, establishing reproducible insights into the determinants of microbial succession in disease has been a formidable challenge. Results: Here we use fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an in natura experimental model to investigate the association between metabolic independence and resilience in stressed gut environments. Our genome-resolved metagenomics survey suggests that FMT serves as an environmental filter that favors populations with higher metabolic independence, the genomes of which encode complete metabolic modules to synthesize critical metabolites, including amino acids, nucleotides, and vitamins. Interestingly, we observe higher completion of the same biosynthetic pathways in microbes enriched in IBD patients. Conclusions: These observations suggest a general mechanism that underlies changes in diversity in perturbed gut environments and reveal taxon-independent markers of “dysbiosis” that may explain why widespread yet typically low-abundance members of healthy gut microbiomes can dominate under inflammatory conditions without any causal association with disease.</p

Additional file 2 of Metabolic independence drives gut microbial colonization and resilience in health and disease

Additional file 2: Supplementary figures S1, S2, S3 and S4. Fig. S1. Timeline of stool samples collected from FMT study. Each circle represents a stool sample collected from either an FMT donor or FMT recipient. The thicker, red vertical line at day 0 represents the FMT event for each recipient. FMT method (pill or colonoscopy) and FMT recipient health and disease state (C. diff - chronic recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, UC - ulcerative colitis) are indicated on the right. Fig. S2. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of the taxonomic composition of donor, recipient, and Canadian gut metagenomes at the genus level based on Morisita-Horn dissimilarity. Samples from the same participant are joined by lines with the earliest time point labeled. CAN: Canadian gut metagenomes, DA: donor A, DB: donor B, POST: recipients post-FMT, PRE: recipients pre-FMT. Fig. S3. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of the taxonomic composition of the donor and recipient metagenomes at genus level based on Morisita-Horn dissimilarity. Samples from the same participant are joined by lines with the earliest time point labeled. DA_POST: donor A recipients post-FMT, DA_PRE: donor A recipients pre-FMT, DA: donor A, DB_POST: donor B recipients post-FMT, DB_PRE: donor B recipients pre-FMT, DB: donor B. Fig. S4. A flowchart outlining our method to assign successful colonization, failed colonization, or undetermined colonization phenotypes to donor-derived populations in the recipients of that donor’s stool

Additional file 6 of Metabolic independence drives gut microbial colonization and resilience in health and disease

Additional file 6. Additional discussion and supplementary figures for A adaptive ecological forces are the primary drivers of microbial colonization; B considerations of annotation bias that reduce the number of genes with functional annotations for microbial populations that typically occur in healthy individuals

Additional file 5 of Metabolic independence drives gut microbial colonization and resilience in health and disease

Additional file 5. Accession numbers of gut metagenomes from 17 countries

Additional file 3 of Metabolic independence drives gut microbial colonization and resilience in health and disease

Additional file 3. Description of FMT metagenomes and co-assemblies. a Metagenome SRA accession numbers and number of metagenomic short-reads sequenced and mapped to co-assemblies and MAGs. b) Phylum level taxonomic composition of metagenomes. c) Genus level taxonomic composition of metagenomes. d) Summary statistics for contigs from metagenome co-assemblies

Additional file 1 of Metabolic independence drives gut microbial colonization and resilience in health and disease

Additional file 1. Description of FMT study and stool samples collected. a Description of FMT donor stool samples and SRA accession numbers. b Description of FMT recipient samples and SRA accession numbers. c Description of transplantation events