Risk factors for general and oral health among independently living older adults with emphasis on the nutritional status and frailty : a population-based cohort study

Orientadores: Maria da Luz Rosario de Sousa, Fernando Neves HugoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar determinantes de agravos à saúde geral e bucal em uma coorte de idosos independentes residentes em Carlos Barbosa, RS. No capítulo 1 foi realizada uma revisão sistemática para verificar os fatores de saúde bucal associados com fragilidade. Para os demais capítulos, utilizou-se dados do estudo longitudinal em idosos de Carlos Barbosa, RS (2004). Foram coletadas informações sócio-demográficas, comportamentais, de acesso aos serviços, de história médica, depressão, atividade física e exame bucal, antropométrico e fragilidade. No capítulo 2, em estudo exploratório transversal aninhado em uma coorte, o objetivo foi investigar se saúde bucal precária age como fator associado para a fragilidade. No capítulo 3, o objetivo foi verificar se saúde bucal precária contribui para o desenvolvimento de obesidade geral (BMI) e central (WC). No capítulo 4, o objetivo foi determinar incidência de perda dentária após 8 anos e seus preditores. Análise descritiva e bivariadas foram realizadas. Associações com os desfechos foram realizadas por meio de regressão logística binária, regressão logística multivariada e análise longitudinal multinível e regressão de Poisson ajustando para variáveis de confundimento. No capítulo 1, de 12 estudos incluídos, 07 eram transversais e 05 longitudinais. Foram considerados de boa qualidade 41,7% (n=5) dos artigos selecionados e 8,3% (n=1) de baixa. No capítulo 2, dos 389 idosos estudados, após controle da idade, renda familiar e estado civil, aqueles que precisavam de prótese dentária apresentaram duas vezes mais chance de ser pré-frágil/ frágil do que aqueles que não precisavam (OR = 2,0, IC95% 1,1-3,7); assim como, aqueles com um maior número de dentes perdidos (OR = 1,0, IC95% 1,0-1,1), aqueles que fumaram pelo menos cem cigarros na vida (OR = 2,5, IC95% 1,4-4,7) e aqueles que estavam deprimidos (OR = 2,8, IC95% 1,2-6,9). No capítulo 3 participaram 633 idosos independentes. As pessoas que nunca visitaram um dentista eram mais propensas a serem obesas (OR = 3,02 IC 95% 1,25-7,26), de acordo com o IMC e a necessidade de prótese inferior total aumentou o risco de ser obeso de acordo com a CC (OR = 4,38, 95% CI 1,34-14,32). Em relação ao IMC, os indivíduos edêntulos com próteses totais em ambos os arcos (OR = 0,23, 95% CI 0,06-0,84) e aqueles que percebiam sua saúde bucal como insatisfatória, de acordo com a CC (OR = 0,43 IC 95% 0,19-0,88 ), apresentaram uma menor chance de serem obesos. No capítulo 4 o número médio de dentes no baseline foi 10,50 (±7,09) e a média de dentes presentes ao final foi 9,06 (±7,3). Dados completos estavam disponíveis para 193 participantes. Ser do sexo feminino (RR = 0,65, 95% CI 0,49-0,86), não usar uma prótese parcial removível (RR = 0,73, 95% CI 0,56-0,97) foram associados com menor risco de perda dentária. Ter mais sítios de sangramento foi associado com maior risco de perda dentária (RR = 1,008, IC 95% 1,003-1,01). Saúde bucal precária apresenta relação com fragilidade e é fator de risco para obesidade central e geral e também para perda dentáriaAbstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate determinants of general and oral health among a cohort of independently living older adults residents in Carlos Barbosa, Brazil. In chapter 1 it was performed a systematic review to assess the oral health measures that were related to frailty. To the other chapters it was used data from the study about the elderly population of Carlos Barbosa held in 2004. The measures comprised a questionnaire with information about socio-demographic, behavioral, access to services, medical history, depression, physical activity and oral examination, also anthropometric and frailty assessments. In chapter 2, a cross-sectional exploratory study nested in a major cohort, the aim was to investigate if poor oral health acts as a associate factor for the presence of frailty. In chapter 3, the aim was to investigate if poor oral health status contributes to the development of general (BMI) and central obesity (WC). In chapter 4 the aim was to determine tooth loss incidence after 8 years and its predictors among community-living older adults in a southern Brazilian city. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were performed Associations with the outcomes will be assessed using binary logistic regression, multinomial logistic regression, longitudinal multilevel regression and negative binomial regression adjusting for confounding variables. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, 07 of them were cross-sectional and 05 were cohort studies. From the 12 papers, 41.7% (n=5) were rated as GOOD and 8.3% (n=1) as POOR. In chapter 2, 389 elders participated and after controlling for age, family income and marital status the analysis found that those who needed dental prosthesis were 2 times more likely to be prefrail/frail when compared to those who did not need (OR=2.0, CI95% 1.1-3.7) as well as those with a higher number of missing teeth (OR=1.0, CI95% 1.0-1.1), those who smoked at least a hundred cigarettes in (OR=2.5, CI95% 1.4-4.7) and those who were depressed (OR=2.8, CI95% 1.2-6.9). For chapter 3 a total of 633 independently-living elders participated. Individuals who never visited a dentist were more likely to be obese (OR=3.02, 95%CI:1.25-7.26) according to the BMI and the need for a full mandibular denture increased the risk for being obese according to their waist-circumference ratio-WC (OR=4.38, 95%CI:1.34-14.32). Regarding BMI, edentulous subjects with full dentures in both arches (OR=0.23, 95%CI:0.06-0.84) and those who perceived their oral health as unsatisfactory, according to the WC (OR=0.43, 95%CI:0.19-0.88), had a lower likelihood of being obese. In chapter 4 the mean number of teeth in risk (baseline mean number of teeth) was 10.50±7.09 and mean teeth present at 8-years follow-up was 9.06±7.3. Complete data was available for 193 participants. Being female (RR=0.65, 95%CI 0.49-0.86), not using a partial removable prosthesis (RR=0.73, 95%CI 0.56-0.97) were associated with lower risk of tooth loss. Having more bleeding sites was associated with higher risk of tooth loss (RR=1.008, 95%CI 1.003-1.01). Poor oral health is associated with frailty and it is a risk factor for central and general obesity and also for tooth lossDoutoradoSaude ColetivaDoutora em Odontologi

Reasons related to tooth loss among adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil

AIM:To estimate tooth loss prevalence among adolescents in São Paulo, considering socioeconomic and demographic factors, dental service use and pain.METHODS:Data were obtained from the São Paulo Oral Health Survey 2008. The sample comprised 2858 adolescents from 15 to 19 years old from public and private schools, who underwent through an oral examination. In addition, a questionnaire was applied regarding the characterization of factors related to socioeconomics, demographics, use of dental services and pain in the last six months. At least one tooth lost was the outcome. The independent variables included gender, ethnicity, parents' schooling, type of school, number of rooms, people and cars per home, family income, dental service use, decayed teeth, toothache. A multivariate logistic regression model was used.RESULTS:The prevalence of tooth loss was 7%. The independent variables decayed tooth (RP=1.71), toothache (RP=2.04), father's schooling - elementary (RP=1.40) and per capita family income - less than 1/2 a minimum salary (RP=1.45) were associated with the outcome.CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest that socioeconomic factors may contribute to the increase of early tooth loss among adolescents.374

Self-assessed masticatory function and frailty in Brazilian older adults: the FIBRA Study

OBJETIVE: To investigate the relationship between the masticatory function and the frailty of older people. METHODS: Exploratory cross-sectional study using secondary data from the FIBRA Project on the frailty conditions of older people living in urban areas of six Brazilian municipalities, from 2008 to 2009. The population consisted of older adults aged 65 and over with no cognitive impairment. A single session identification questionnaire and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were applied, followed by collecting sociodemographic data and data on the participants’ self-assessment of masticatory function, general health, and oral health. RESULTS: 2,341 older people (164 frail older adults), of whom 63.2% reported not having seen a dentist in the last year, and approximately 26% of them had three or more functional feeding problems. Older participants (OR = 2.88; 95%CI: 2.01–4.13), who are retired (OR = 2.31; 95%CI: 1.18–5.53), those who were depressed (OR = 2.31; 95%CI: 1.58–3.38), and those who self-assessed their general health as worse compared to others of the same age (OR = 3.91; 95%CI: 2.39-–6.40) were at higher risk of frailty. Three or more problems related to the functional aspects of mastication were associated with a greater chance of frailty (OR = 2.06; 95%CI: 1.25–3.41). CONCLUSION: This study found an association between masticatory function and a greater chance of frailty among the studied population

Factors associated with the incidence of dental caries among schoolchildren living in a municipality with low prevalence of dental caries

The literature has shown that poorer levels of oral health are more frequently related to lower socio-economic status, consequently this cross-sectional and exploratory study conducted in 2003 investigated the association between caries and socio-economic factors, access to care, self-perception and habits among 266 12-year-old schoolchildren living in a community with low prevalence of dental caries. World Health Organization dental caries diagnosis methodology was used, in addition to the application of socio-economic and behavioral questionnaires. To identify the factors associated with dental caries, multivariate logistic regression was used and the dependent variable was synthesized into DMFT=0 and DMFT>0. Bearing in mind the limitations of a cross-sectional study, disliking the appearance of teeth, seeking dental care because of pain, studying at a state school and the head of the family being a manual worker were independently associated with dental caries. Even in a municipality with low prevalence of caries, the socio-economic status, dental care and self-perception were important factors in the incidence of dental caries among schoolchildren, and it is recommended that many factors in the bio-psychosocial context of multi-factorial dental caries should be investigated.A literatura tem mostrado que piores níveis de saúde bucal estão mais frequentemente relacionados a baixos níveis socioeconômicos, assim este estudo transversal de caráter exploratório investigou a associação entre experiência de cárie e fatores socioeconômicos, acesso a serviços, autopercepção e hábitos em 266 escolares de 12 anos de idade de uma localidade com baixa prevalência de cárie dentária em 2003. Utilizou-se critérios de diagnóstico para cárie dentária da Organização Mundial da Saúde e aplicou-se questionário socioecômico e comportamental. Para a identificação dos fatores associados à experiência de cárie utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística multivariada. A variável dependente foi dicotomizada em CPOD=O e CPOD>0. Considerando as limitações de um estudo transversal, não gostar da aparência dos dentes, procurar atendimento odontológico por dor, estudar em escola pública e o responsável da família ser trabalhador manual foram independentemente associados à experiência de cárie. Mesmo em um município com baixa prevalência de cárie os fatores socioeconômicos, o acesso a serviço odontológico e a autopercepção da saúde bucal foram importantes para a ocorrência da cárie, recomendando-se que diversos fatores sejam investigados dentro do contexto biopsicossocial da sua multifatoriedade.4095410

Oral health and its association with nutritional status in independent-living older adults from Campinas, São Paulo

Resumo: Uma saúde bucal precária, representada pela perda dentária parcial ou total, provoca significativas mudanças na seleção do alimento a ser consumido pelos idosos. Tal escolha acarreta a exclusão de certos alimentos, geralmente os de alto valor nutricional como frutas e vegetais, e, em alguns casos, a substituição destes por outros de alto valor calórico e de fácil mastigação pode levar os indivíduos a baixo peso ou a sobrepeso/obesidade. Pode-se observar na literatura uma associação entre saúde bucal precária e má nutrição, porém a importância da atividade física como confundidor nessa relação, até o presente momento é desconhecida. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo transversal é avaliar se o estado de saúde bucal precário é indicador de risco à baixo peso ou sobrepeso/obesidade medido por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) nos idosos de Campinas, SP, considerando a prática de atividade física, dentre outras variáveis. Para este estudo foram utilizados dados coletados por um projeto maior da Rede FIBRA, que estuda fragilidade em idosos independentes. A amostra foi composta por 900 idosos e as medidas utilizadas neste estudo transversal incluíram um questionário com informações sociodemográficas, auto-relato de uso de medicação, hábito de tabagismo, auto-relato da presença de dificuldades na alimentação, sintomas depressivos, atividade física, condição bucal (número de dentes e presença de prótese dentária) e perfil antropométrico seguindo os critérios da OPAS, disponível para 875 idosos. A idade média dos idosos foi de 72.7 anos (±5.81), a mediana da escolaridade foi de 4 anos, a prevalência de edentulismo na amostra foi de 47.7% e a média de dentes presentes de 7.21 (±9.13). Ser edêntulo sem prótese apresentou maior chance para baixo peso (OR=3.94, 95%IC 1.14-13.64) e sobrepeso/obesidade (OR=2.88, 95%IC 1.12- 7.40). Gênero feminino (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.17-2.71) e uso de três ou mais medicações (OR=2.41, 95%CI 1.41-4.12) apresentaram maior chance de obesidade. Idosos que fumam (OR=2.62, 95%CI 1.26-5.44) apresentaram maior chance de baixo peso e os com renda familiar entre 3.1 a 5 salários mínimos em reais (OR=1.69, 95%CI 1.00- 2.87) apresentaram maior chance de obesidade. Este é um dos primeiros trabalhos que verificaram a associação entre saúde bucal precária, representada por edentulismo sem reabilitação dentária protética, e índice de massa corporal desfavorável, independentemente de dois confundidores, atividade física e depressão. Portanto, a manutenção de uma dentição natural e a presença de reabilitação com prótese dentária, quando necessária, podem contribuir para um estado nutricional satisfatório em idosos, com valores de IMC dentro do padrão eutrófico.Abstract: A poor oral health status, represented by partial or complete tooth loss, imposes important modifications in food choice by the elderly. It promotes the avoidance of hard to chew food, usually fruits and vegetables rich in nutrients, and eventually the selection of food with inadequate energy value and easy to chew, inducing them to underweight or overweight/obesity. The literature has shown an association between poor oral health and poor nutrition, although their relationship with important confounders, mainly physical activity is still unknown The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate whether poor oral health status might be a contributing factor to underweight or obesity assessed with the body mass index (BMI) in older adults, adjusting for physical activity and other variables in Campinas, Brazil. It was used data collected in a major project - the FIBRA study, about frailty among independent-living older adults. Complete data that included a sociodemographic data, self-reported intake of medications, smoking habit, self-reported eating difficulties questionnaire, depressive symptoms assessment, physical activity assessment, oral status (number of teeth and presence of dental prosthesis) and anthropometric assessments following the WHO criteria was available for 875 persons. The mean age of the sample was 72.7 years (±5.81), the median schooling was 4.0 years, the prevalence of the edentulism in the sample was 47.7% and the mean of present teeth was 7.21 (±9.13). The mean age of the sample was 72.7 years (±5.81) and the prevalence of edentulism was 47.7%. Edentate individuals not wearing dentures were more likely to be underweight (OR=3.94, 95%CI 1.14-13.64) and overweight/obese (OR=2.88, 95%CI 1.12-7.40). Females (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.17-2.71) and those using 3 or more medications (OR=2.41, 95%CI 1.41-4.12) were more likely to be overweight/obese. Individuals who smoke (OR=2.62, 95%CI 1.26-5.44) were more likely to be underweight. Older individuals with family income between 3.1 and 5 Minimum Wage (OR=1.69, 95%CI 1.00-2.87) were more likely to be overweight/obese. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies that associated poor oral health, represented by edentulism not rehabilitated with dentures, with unfavorable body mass, regardless of two major confounders, physical activity and depression symptoms. Thus, the maintenance of a natural dentition and the presence of dental prosthesis rehabilitation, when necessary, can contribute to a satisfactory nutritional status into old age and to an eutrophic BMI value

Reasons Related To Tooth Loss Among Adolescents In São Paulo Brazil

Aim: To estimate tooth loss prevalence among adolescents in São Paulo, considering socioeconomic and demographic factors, dental service use and pain. Methods: Data were obtained from the São Paulo Oral Health Survey 2008. The sample comprised 2858 adolescents from 15 to 19 years old from public and private schools, who underwent through an oral examination. In addition, a questionnaire was applied regarding the characterization of factors related to socioeconomics, demographics, use of dental services and pain in the last six months. At least one tooth lost was the outcome. The independent variables included gender, ethnicity, parents’ schooling, type of school, number of rooms, people and cars per home, family income, dental service use, decayed teeth, toothache. A multivariate logistic regression model was used. Results: The prevalence of tooth loss was 7%. The independent variables decayed tooth (RP=1.71), toothache (RP=2.04), father’s schooling - elementary (RP=1.40) and per capita family income - less than 1/ 2 a minimum salary (RP=1.45) were associated with the outcome. Conclusions: The results suggest that socioeconomic factors may contribute to the increase of early tooth loss among adolescents.13137-4

Cárie dentária e necessidades de tratamento em adolescentes paulistas

OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia de c&#225;rie dent&#225;ria e necessidades de tratamento em crian&#231;as de 12 anos e adolescentes. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal com base nos resultados dos levantamentos epidemiol&#243;gicos Condi&#231;&#245;es de Sa&#250;de Bucal no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo em 2002 e Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de Bucal (SBBrasil) 2010. Foram analisados os dados secund&#225;rios de 5.782 crian&#231;as (2002) de 12 anos e outras 369 (2010); e para a faixa de 15 a 19 anos foram analisados 880 jovens (2002) e 300 jovens em 2010. A experi&#234;ncia de c&#225;rie foi avaliada pelo &#237;ndice CPOD (dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados) e foram verificadas as necessidades de tratamento odontol&#243;gico segundo os crit&#233;rios propostos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de. O &#237;ndice Significant Caries Index foi empregado para medir a severidade da c&#225;rie no ter&#231;o do grupo que apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados utilizaram-se os testes de Qui-quadrado e Mann-Whitney, com n&#237;vel de 5% de signific&#226;ncia. RESULTADOS: Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o de 39,3 pontos percentuais no &#237;ndice CPOD aos 12 anos (p < 0,001) e de 41,1 pontos percentuais nos adolescentes (p < 0,001) entre 2002 e 2010, e aumento de aproximadamente 161,0 pontos percentuais e 303,0 pontos percentuais no grupo livres de c&#225;rie, respectivamente. A porcentagem de dentes restaurados diminuiu nos dois grupos et&#225;rios, mas a preval&#234;ncia de dentes cariados n&#227;o se alterou para o grupo de alta experi&#234;ncia de c&#225;rie. No grupo de baixa experi&#234;ncia de c&#225;rie ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente perdido para os adolescentes e aumento do componente cariado aos 12 anos e adolescentes. Houve aumento da necessidade de tratamento endod&#244;ntico no grupo total e no de alta experi&#234;ncia de c&#225;rie aos 12 anos; e entre os adolescentes a necessidade de restaura&#231;&#227;o de duas ou mais faces diminuiu no grupo todo e tamb&#233;m no de baixa experi&#234;ncia. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A diminui&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de tratamento de baixa complexidade entre adolescentes sugere que as a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o afetando positivamente esse grupo. Al&#233;m disso, os dois levantamentos epidemiol&#243;gicos no estado de S&#227;o Paulo mostram melhorias na condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de bucal dos grupos et&#225;rios estudados e que se faz necess&#225;rio o monitoramento direcionado tamb&#233;m para o grupo de baixa experi&#234;ncia de c&#225;rie

Reasons related to tooth loss among adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil

estimate tooth loss prevalence among adolescents in São Paulo, considering socioeconomic and demographic factors, dental service use and pain. Methods: Data were obtained from the São Paulo Oral Health Survey 2008. The sample comprised 2858 adolescents from 15 to 19 years old from public and private schools, who underwent through an oral examination. In addition, a questionnaire was applied regarding the characterization of factors related to socioeconomics, demographics, use of dental services and pain in the last six months. At least one tooth lost was the outcome. The independent variables included gender, ethnicity, parents schooling, type of school, number of rooms, people and cars per home, family income, dental service use, decayed teeth, toothache. A multivariate logistic regression model was used. Results: The prevalence of tooth loss was 7%. The independent variables decayed tooth (RP=1.71), toothache (RP=2.04), fathers schooling - elementary (RP=1.40) and per capita family income - less than 1/2 a minimum salary (RP=1.45) were associated with the outcome. Conclusions: The results suggest that socioeconomic factors may contribute to the increase of early tooth loss among adolescents

Association Between Underweight And Overweight/obesity With Oral Health Among Independently Living Brazilian Elderly.

Poor oral status, represented by partial/complete tooth loss, may lead to changes in food choice, which may ultimately lead to underweight, overweight, or obesity. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether poor oral status is associated with underweight or overweight/obesity, regardless of physical activity. This cross-sectional study is part of a major project, The Frailty in Brazilian Elderly Study, carried out in Campinas, Brazil (2008-2009). The sample was composed of 900 independent-living older adults. Complete data were available for 875 individuals including sociodemographic, self-reported amount of medications used and eating difficulty questionnaire, smoking habit, depressive symptoms, physical activity, oral examination, and anthropometric assessments according to the WHO criteria. Body mass index was used as an outcome. Multinomial logistic regression was adjusted for confounding variables. The mean age of the sample was 72.7 y (± 5.81) and the prevalence of edentulism was 47.7%. Edentate individuals not wearing dentures were more likely to be underweight [odds ratio (OR) = 3.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-13.64] and overweight/obese (OR = 2.88, 95%CI 1.12-7.40). Males (OR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.36-0.85) and those not using medications (OR = 0.41 95%CI 0.24-0.70) were less likely to be overweight/obese. Individuals who smoke (OR = 2.62, 95%CI 1.26-5.44) were more likely to be underweight. Older individuals with family income between 3.1 and 5 minimum wage (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.00-2.87) were more likely to be overweight/obese. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies associating poor oral health, represented by edentulism not rehabilitated with dentures, with unfavorable body mass, regardless of the two major confounders, physical activity and depression symptoms.29152-