Las políticas antimonopolio y la promoción de la competencia en el Perú

This article provides an assessment of the trade-offs and challenges that antitrust authorities currently face in Peru. It examines the extent to which the structural reforms have succeeded in removing entry barriers and reducing the likelihood of collusion. It also examines the institutional structures of antitrust enforcement. The argument is that reforms have led to higher levels of investment and entry, creating a more competitive environment. Yet, macroeconomic stabilization has opened new avenues for collusion, enhancing the threat of retaliation among oligopolists as a result of increased price visibility and lower discount factors. Deregulation and trade liberalization have led to more contestable markets and potential competition is more effective now in disciplining the incumbent firms. But the scope of this mechanism is limited, by definition, to markets for tradeables. On the other hand, with a strong presidential system, a weak judiciary, and limited checks and balances, the antitrust agency appears to be vulnerable to “capture” from interest groups. Furthermore, both the conception that inspires antitrust and the legislation itself show some flaws, such as the refusal to adopt a merger policy, a limited focus on procedural aspects that leaves efficiency concerns aside and a groundless hostility against welfare-enhancing forms of inter-firm cooperation. This argument is illustrated with a brief assessment of the jurisprudence that has emerged during the first three years of antitrust enforcement. The article concludes with some proposals that could increase the effectiveness of competition policies in Perú.

Hidrogeología e hidrodinámica del acuífero de los manantiales de Gormaz y su importancia en el caudal base del río Duero, España = Hydrogeology and hydrodynamic of the Gormaz Springs Aquifer and its importance to the base flow of the Duero River, Spain

Se cuantifican las descargas subterráneas de un acuífero a un río que lo atraviesa utilizando correlaciones estadísticas. El río Duero, España, incrementa su caudal base en varios m3/s, al atravesar unos afloramientos carbonatados mesozoicos en un pequeño tramo de su cabecera; esto es de especial importancia en época de estiaje, cuando la mayor parte del caudal base del río procede de manantiales que allí se sitúan. Dichos afloramientos corresponden a uno de los dos acuíferos calcáreos confinados, que se desarrollan en paralelo y están hidráulicamente desconectados por una capa impermeable, que forman el sistema acuífero de los manantiales de Gormaz. Este sistema se encuentra en estado de régimen natural y está apenas explotado. Se define el modelo conceptual de funcionamiento hidrogeológico, considerando el papel hidrogeológico de la falla de Gormaz, situada en la zona de descarga del sistema. Analizando información geológica antecedente y la geofísica exploratoria realizada, se obtuvo un mejor conocimiento de la geometría y los límites de los acuíferos, definiéndose un sistema acuífero con una zona de recarga en el sur, correspondiente a los afloramientos calcáreos, los cuales se confinan hacia el norte bajo el Terciario, hasta intersecar con la falla normal de Gormaz. El salto de falla genera una barrera para las formaciones permeables situadas al extremo norte (margen derecha del río Duero); a su vez, el plano de falla facilita el ascenso del agua subterránea del sistema acuífero en estudio y pone en conexión hidráulica los dos acuíferos. Se estimaron, además, los parámetros hidráulicos de los acuíferos en los alrededores de la falla. La buena correlación entre los niveles piezométricos y las descargas subterráneas al río Duero han permitido la reconstrucción del hidrograma de los manantiales de Gormaz en el periodo 1992-2006. Se calcula así que la contribución subterránea al río Duero es de 135.9 hm3/año, que supone el 18.9% de la aportación total del río. In a short stretch of its headwaters, the base flow of the River Duero increases by several m3/s as it traverses some Mesozoic carbonate outcrops. This is of special importance during the dry season, when the majority of the base flow of the river proceeds from springs in this reach. The outcrops correspond to one of two confined calcareous aquifers that developed in parallel but which are not hydraulically connected because of an impermeable layer. Together, they constitute the aquifer system of the Gormaz Springs. The system is still in its natural regime and is hardly exploited. This study defines the conceptual model of hydrogeological functioning, taking into consideration the role of the Gormaz Fault, which is situated in the discharge zone of the system. Analysis of both antecedent geological information and geophysical explorations has led to a better understanding of the geometry and boundaries of the aquifers, defining an aquifer system with a recharge zone in the south corresponding to in the calcareous outcrops. These calcareous outcrops are confined to the north below Tertiary formations, as far as their intersection with the normal fault of Gormaz. The throw of the fault forms the barrier of the permeable formations situated in the extreme north (right bank of the River Duero). In turn, the fault plane facilitates the upflow of groundwater from the aquifer system and creates hydraulic connection between the two aquifers. In addition, the study estimated the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer around the fault. The close correlation between piezometric levels and the groundwater discharges to the River Duero has enabled the reconstruction of the hydrogram of Gormaz springs over the period 1992-2006. By this means, it is calculated that the groundwater contribution to the River Duero is 135.9 hm3/year, or 18.9% of the total river inflow

El sistema de detracciones del IGV y su impacto en la liquidez de la empresa de transportes de carga pesada factoría comercial y transportes S.A.C. de Trujillo

El principal objetivo de esta investigación es demostrar que el Sistema de Detracciones del IGV impacta significativamente en la liquidez de la empresa de transporte Factoría Comercial y Transporte S.A.C. Este estudio se enmarca dentro de una investigación descriptiva; causal de grupo único. La muestra de esta investigación está conformada por la Empresa de Transportes de Carga Pesada “Factoría Comercial y Transporte S.A.C.” es una muestra no probabilística intencionada. Por medio de la observación, encuesta, investigación bibliográfica y el análisis se ha establecido la relación de las variables; los datos estadísticos que sostienen esta investigación, vienen de los resultados obtenidos por la aplicación de instrumentos de recolección de datos, como han sido los estados financieros del periodo Junio 2012 a Junio 2013, el flujo de caja realizado para el periodo Junio 2012 a Junio 2013, la aplicación de ratios financieros, el análisis de costos por viaje, el cálculo de gastos financieros para capital de trabajo; además por la aplicación de la encuesta a la muestra establecida. Los resultados demuestran que si hay una relación de causa - efecto entre las variables estudiadas, finalmente concluimos que el Sistema de Detracciones del Impuesto General a la Ventas, si impacta significativamente en la liquidez de la empresa; ya que al tener el dinero en la cuenta corriente del Banco de la Nación; y agregar que solo puede ser utilizado para el pago de impuestos, originan que al mismo tiempo la empresa no pueda reinvertir su capital de trabajo, originando que la empresa solicite productos financieros, incrementando así los gastos financieros, y disminuyendo la rentabilidad de la empresa.The main objective of this research is to demonstrate that the tax system Deductions significantly impacts the liquidity of the transport company and Transport SAC Commercial Factory This study is part of a descriptive, causal unique group. The sample of this research consists of the Carrier for Cargo “Trade and Transport SAC Factory” is a non-probability sample intended. Through observation, survey, literature review and analysis has established the relationship of the variables, the statistical data to support this research come from the results obtained by the application of data collection instruments , as states have been period financial statements in June 2012 to June 2013 , the realized cash flow for the period June 2012 to June 2013 , the application of financial ratios , analysis of travel costs , the calculation of expense for working capital , plus the application survey to the sample set . The results show that if there is a cause - effect relationship between the variables studied, finally concluded that the system of the General Tax Deductions for Sales, if a significant impact on the liquidity of the company, and that having the money in the account current National Bank , and add that can only be used for paying taxes , originate at the same time the company can not reinvest their working capital , causing the company to request financial products , increasing financial costs and decreasing profitability

Factores asociados a la sobrevida en recién nacidos prematuros extremos

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar los factores asociados a la sobrevida de recién nacidos prematuros extremos (RNPE). Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, longitudinal, tipo casos y controles. La muestra fue conformada por 118 sobrevivientes y 118 fallecidos, seleccionados entre los RNPE atendidos en el Hospital Belén de Trujillo entre el 2016 y el 2022. Los resultados, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y potencia de 90%, muestran que la mayoría de sobrevivientes nacieron por cesárea (63,6%), fueron mujeres (55.9%), presentaron Apgar > 4 al primer minuto (77%) y Apgar normal a los 5 minutos (72.9%). La mayoría de fallecidos nacieron por vía vaginal (56.8%), fueron varones (63.6%), tuvieron APGAR < 3 al primer minuto (55.9%) y Apgar < 7 a los 5 minutos (61,9%). La frecuencia de sobrevivientes aumenta significativamente a partir de las 26 semanas y a partir de los 830 gramos; todos los menores de 530 gramos o menores de 22 semanas fallecieron. En el análisis multivariado, la edad gestacional < 26 semanas (OR 1.3), el peso al nacer < 830 gramos (OR 1.3) y el APGAR a los 5 minutos < 7 (OR 2.12), se asociaron con mayor mortalidad. Se concluye que la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y el Apgar al minuto 5 se asocian a la sobrevida en recién nacidos prematuros extremosThe present study was carried out with the objective of determining the factors associated with the survival of extremely preterm newborns (EPTN). An observational, analytical, retrospective, longitudinal, case – control study was carried out. The sample was made up of 118 survivors and 118 deceased, selected among the EPTN treated at the Belen de Trujillo Hospital between 2016 and 2022.The results, with a confidence level of 95% and power of 90%, show that the majority of survivors were born by cesarean section 63.6%, were women (55.9%), presented Apgar > 4 at the first minute (77%) and normal Apgar at 5 minutes (72.9%). Most of the deceased were born vaginally (56.8%), were male (63.6%), had Apgar score < 3 at the first minute (55.9%) and Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes (61.9%). The frequency of survivors increases significantly from 26 weeks and from 830 grams; all those under 530 grams or under 22 weeks died. In the multivariate analyses, gestational age < 26 weeks (OR 1.3), birth weight < 830 grams (OR 1.32) and Apgar at 5 minutes < 7 (OR 2.12) were associated with higher mortality. It is concluded that gestational age, birth weight and Apgar score at 5 minutes are associated with survival in EPTNTesi

Numerical multiscale analysis of 3D printed short fiber composites parts: Filament anisotropy and toolpath effects

The aim of the present investigation is the development of a numerical model able to adequately represent the effect of several variables, associated to the fused deposition modeling (FDM) procedure, on the mechanical behavior of 3D printed parts. Specifically, 3D printed carbon short-fiber reinforced thermoplastic parts are numerically analyzed. Previous experimental results have proven that this kind of parts show a global anisotropic behavior, in terms of classical mechanical parameters as stiffness. Thus, special emphasis is done in analyzing the effect of the raster angle / toolpath (inherent to FDM) and the internal microstructure of the deposited filaments (due to the presence of the short fibers). Multiscale finite element models are used to represent the linear elastic behavior at macro scale. The numerical models are also able to include the effect of porosity. Based on experimental results of 3D printed composite parts with 100% infill and different raster angles, elastic transversely isotropic properties are estimated for the individual deposited filaments using a reverse engineering procedure. Obtained results show that for an adequate modeling of FDM composite parts, anisotropic properties of the filament must be taken into account, even when quasi-isotropic printing parameters are used (“cross-ply” configurations). Finally, additional numerical analyses of some parameters associated to the FDM technique are done. Specifically, the effect of porosity related to the infill pattern and percentage on the global (macro) apparent stiffness is analyzed

Teaching innovation in Engineering: a students and teachers´ learning integration programme

Este trabajo presenta una experiencia de innovación docente cuyo objetivo es mejorar el aprendizaje de alumnos y profesores de ingeniería (Universidad de Sevilla, España). La innovación ofrece a los alumnos una visión realista, profesional y actualizada de los contenidos, permitiéndoles el contacto directo con la problemática del conocimiento y la competencia propios de una materia, usando instalaciones y recursos de un laboratorio de investigación de alto nivel tecnológico. Es un estudio de caso de investigación evaluativa, utilizando metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. Los resultados indican mejora en los procesos de aprendizaje de los alumnos y su alta satisfacción, señalando también las dificultades encontradas; los profesores, reconocen el proceso de innovación como estrategia para aprender a enseñar y generar mejoras del programa.This paper presents an experience in teaching innovation whose goal is to improve learning in engineering students and teachers (University of Seville, Spain). This innovation offers students a realistic, professional and updated vision of the contents, allowing them a direct contact with the problems posed by the knowledge and competence inherent to a subject, using facilities and resources at a high-tech research laboratory. It is an assessment-research case study that uses quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The results show improvement in the students’ learning processes as well as their high satisfaction; it also highlights the difficulties found. The teachers acknowledge this innovation process as a strategy to learn to teach and create improvements for the program

Factores asociados a la sobrevida en recién nacidos prematuros extremos

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar los factores asociados a la sobrevida de recién nacidos prematuros extremos (RNPE). Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, longitudinal, tipo casos y controles. La muestra fue conformada por 118 sobrevivientes y 118 fallecidos, seleccionados entre los RNPE atendidos en el Hospital Belén de Trujillo entre el 2016 y el 2022. Los resultados, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y potencia de 90%, muestran que la mayoría de sobrevivientes nacieron por cesárea (63,6%), fueron mujeres (55.9%), presentaron Apgar > 4 al primer minuto (77%) y Apgar normal a los 5 minutos (72.9%). La mayoría de fallecidos nacieron por vía vaginal (56.8%), fueron varones (63.6%), tuvieron APGAR < 3 al primer minuto (55.9%) y Apgar < 7 a los 5 minutos (61,9%). La frecuencia de sobrevivientes aumenta significativamente a partir de las 26 semanas y a partir de los 830 gramos; todos los menores de 530 gramos o menores de 22 semanas fallecieron. En el análisis multivariado, la edad gestacional < 26 semanas (OR 1.3), el peso al nacer < 830 gramos (OR 1.3) y el APGAR a los 5 minutos < 7 (OR 2.12), se asociaron con mayor mortalidad. Se concluye que la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y el Apgar al minuto 5 se asocian a la sobrevida en recién nacidos prematuros extremosThe present study was carried out with the objective of determining the factors associated with the survival of extremely preterm newborns (EPTN). An observational, analytical, retrospective, longitudinal, case – control study was carried out. The sample was made up of 118 survivors and 118 deceased, selected among the EPTN treated at the Belen de Trujillo Hospital between 2016 and 2022.The results, with a confidence level of 95% and power of 90%, show that the majority of survivors were born by cesarean section 63.6%, were women (55.9%), presented Apgar > 4 at the first minute (77%) and normal Apgar at 5 minutes (72.9%). Most of the deceased were born vaginally (56.8%), were male (63.6%), had Apgar score < 3 at the first minute (55.9%) and Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes (61.9%). The frequency of survivors increases significantly from 26 weeks and from 830 grams; all those under 530 grams or under 22 weeks died. In the multivariate analyses, gestational age < 26 weeks (OR 1.3), birth weight < 830 grams (OR 1.32) and Apgar at 5 minutes < 7 (OR 2.12) were associated with higher mortality. It is concluded that gestational age, birth weight and Apgar score at 5 minutes are associated with survival in EPTNTesi

Desarticulación productiva y desarrollo insdustrial en el perú

El artículo no presenta resumen