Polski system penitencjarny - wybrane aspekty

This article examines main issues related to Polish prison system. At  first the Author describes in general term the dynamic of penal population in various parts of the world, as well as in Poland. Then  in a synthetic way – the organization of Polish prison, and their three mail types, focusing mainly on maximum security penal institutions and its vast population. Mentioned are also the methods of maintaining prison discipline in places of penal isolation, especially the wards within penal facilities dedicated to hold most dangerous offenders.Le statistiche sul numero preciso di persone detenute nei vari tipi di istituti penitenziari in tutto il mondo non sono noti, tuttavia possiamo stimare che il loro numero abbia gia raggiunto circa 11 milioni dei condannati, internati etc. Sembra che tale numero continui ad aumentare, ed e’ causa di discussioni sui diritti umani delle persone detenute. Prima di tutto gli istituti penitenziari sono istituti totali, in cui la coercizione legittimamente  esercitata dallo stato é visibile in ogni aspetto del loro  funzionamento. Si tratta di una struttura separata, governata da regole proprie e isolata dal resto della società civile. Nelle carceri si sviluppano  reti informali di potere. Tutto questo causa molte difficoltà in materia di sicurezza al di fuori e all'interno degli istituti penitenziari.W artykule poddano analizie główne problemy związane z polskim systemem więziennictwa. W pierwszej kolejności Autorka  charakteryzuje dynamikę populacji karnej w różnych częściach świata, w tym także w Polsce. Następnie, w syntetyczny sposób, analizuje organizację polskiego więzienia, koncentrując swoją uwagę na kwestiach bezpieczeństwa systemu więziennictwa i wzrastającej populacji więźniów. Poruszono także problematykę utrzymywania dyscypliny więziennej w miejscach izolacji karnej, zwłaszcza w oddziałach w zakładach karnych przeznaczonych dla najbardziej niebezpiecznych przestępców

Idee nowelizacji kodeksu karnego

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

Reaction of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars to different weed control methods

W trzyletnim doświadczeniu polowym, przeprowadzonym w latach 2001-2003, oceniano wpływ odmian i metod walki z chwastami na stopień zachwaszczenia grochu siewnego (Pisum sativum L.) oraz na jego plonowanie. Badania przeprowadzono z zastosowaniem nisko-, średnio- i wysokonakładowego sposobu uprawy, w tym z mechaniczną i chemiczną metodą odchwaszczania. W doświadczeniu oceniano cztery odmiany grochu siewnego – dwie jadalne, ogólnoużytkowe: Rola i Agra oraz dwie pastewne: Sokolik i Wiato. Analizując poziom zachwaszczenia i sposoby walki z chwastami oraz konkurencyjność odmian wobec chwastów stwierdzono, iż stopień zachwaszczenia miał a priori istotny wpływ na elementy plonu (obsadę, liczbę strąków na roślinie, masę nasion w strąku i MTN), a także na wielkość plonu każdej z badanych odmian. Negatywne oddziaływanie zachwaszczenia uwidoczniło się we wszystkich latach badań, lecz szczególnie w drugim roku, kiedy wystąpiły najmniej korzystne warunki pogodowe w ciągu całego okresu wegetacyjnego. Dotyczyło to w szczególności roślin uprawianych metodą niskonakładową, w ramach której stosowano mechaniczną ochronę przeciwko chwastom. Natomiast zastosowanie chemicznej metody walki z chwastami pozwoliło zredukować ich występowanie i siłę konkurencji w stosunku do roślin wszystkich odmian uprawianych wysokonakładowym sposobem, nawet w najmniej korzystnych warunkach pogodowych panujących podczas okresu wegetacyjnego. Analiza reakcji odmian na stopień zachwaszczenia wykazała, iż odmianą najbardziej konkurencyjną w stosunku do chwastów – szczególnie w niekorzystnych warunkach pogodowych – była odmiana Rola.A three-year field experiment, carried out over 2001-2003, investigated the effect of cultivars and weed control methods on the weed infestation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and on its yielding. The research involved low-, medium- and high-input growing technologies, including the mechanical and chemical weed control methods. The experiment involved four pea cultivars: two edible, general-use, cultivars: Rola and Agra and two fodder cultivars: Sokolik and Wiato. Analyzing the weed infestation and weed control methods and the competitiveness of cultivars towards weeds, it was found that the weed infestation had a priori a significant effect on yield components (plant density, number of pods per plant, seed weight per pod and 1000 seed weight), as well as on yielding of each cultivar researched. A negative effect of weed infestation was observed in all the research years, especially in the second year with the least favorable climatic condi tions of the entire vegetation period, which concerned especially crops grown using the low-input technology which involved mechanical weed control. However the application of the chemical weed control facilitated a weed reduction and the competitiveness towards the plants of all the cultivars grown using the high-input technology, even under the least favorable climatic conditions of the vegetation period. The analysis of the reaction of cultivars to the degree of weed infestation revealed that Rola was the most competitive cultivar towards weeds, especially under extremely unfavorable conditions

Compulsory commitment of inmates into the restrictive housing in U.S. prisons – roles, goals and future dynamics

Problematyka dotycząca umieszczania przymusowego skazanych w warunkach ścisłego odosobnienia, określanego w północnoamerykańskiej literaturze przedmiotu jako restrictive housing, solitary confinement, administrative segregation lub supermax budzi liczne kontrowersje. W szczególności kwestionowana jest konstytucyjność rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących restrictive housing, jak i negatywny wpływ tego rodzaju warunków odbywania kary na dobrostan skazanych, którzy jak każda istota ludzka mają naturę społeczną i dążą doutrzymywania normalnych międzyludzkich interakcji. Zarówno wśród teoretyków badających naukowo problem, jak i wśród praktyków (funkcjonariuszy służby więziennej) można znaleźć zarówno zwolenników, jak i przeciwników, ścisłego odosabniania skazanych. Dodatkowo trzeba wskazać, że na płaszczyźnie prawnomiędzynarodowej zabrania się stosowania takich warunków na czas nieoznaczony lub na czas nadmiernie wydłużony (Reguły Mandeli). Aktualnie zdają się przeważać opinie, iż niezbędne jest opracowanie alternatywnych środków i strategii postępowania ze skazanymi, które z jednej strony zapewnią porządek i bezpieczeństwo w jednostkach penitencjarnych Stanów Zjednoczonych, a z drugiej, pozwolą na bardziej humanitarne postępowanie ze skazanymi, bez narażania ich na wysokie ryzyko negatywnych konsekwencji związanych ze stosowaniem warunków restrictive housing.Compulsory commitment of inmates into restrictive housing, or so called solitary confinement, administrative segregation, supermax, gives rise to many controversial issues that scientific research in the United States deals with. Subject to discussion are especially the constitutional controversies and the influence of such a treatment on the offender’s wellbeing as a human that tends to maintain social contact and that is vulnerable to possible negative impact of such strict conditions. Among scholars and practitioners there are opponents and also supporters of this solution, although internationally there is a conclusion (see the Nelson Mandela Rules) that restrictive housing should be banned, in particular when it is imposed on inmates for an indeterminate period or a prolonged period of time. Nowadays, the prevalent opinion is that other policies and practices should be worked out and implemented in order to replace restrictive housing, and at the same time that tools will have to be able to assist in achieving the main goals: security and order in the prison as well as rehabilitation and deterrent impact on inmates

Przedterminowe zwolnienie z kary pozbawienia wolności skazanych za ludobójstwo, zbrodnie przeciwko ludzkości i wojenne na mocy orzeczeń międzynarodowych trybunałów karnych „ad hoc” oraz ich sukcesora w postaci Mechanizmu Rezydualnego ONZ

In the last decade of the 20th century, a war in the former Yugoslavia broke out, once again making Europe a witness to an armed conflict. Almost at the same time, another local ethnic bloodshed started, but this time in distant Africa — in Rwanda. Both these events included the most horrifying international crimes against humanity: genocide and war crimes. To prosecute the most important commanding figures involved in these conflicts and hold them criminally responsible, two ad hoc United Nations tribunals were created: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in Hague and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha. They finished their operation in 2017 and 2015, respectively. The tasks of conducting and completing all ongoing proceedings, including law enforcement, after the completion of their mandates have been entrusted to the UN International Residual Mechanism. One of the crucial assignments of the tribunals and later the Redisual Mechanism was to deal with the request on behalf of the convicted for granting them early release. Although none of the statutes of the aforementioned courts provided any ground for early release, soon it was accepted that both tribunals, as well as their successor, were entitled to proceed despite this issue. As soon as in 2001, the first convict was granted early release, but with no conditions. It is estimated that, to date, more than 2/3 of all convicted by the Tribunals have been released before the termination of their sentence. This should raise the question of how to rehabilitate that kind of offender, convicted of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity, to ensure they do not pose a threat to society anymore. Especially since the offenders serve their punishment outside the country of their origin — meaning, different rules apply according to the domestic law regulation of the state that voluntarily agreed to enforce the sentence. This article analyzes the juridical approach of the tribunals and the Residual Mechanism on the issue of early release of the convicts involved in the armed conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.In the last decade of the 20th century, a war in the former Yugoslavia broke out, once again making Europe a witness to an armed conflict. Almost at the same time, another local ethnic bloodshed started, but this time in distant Africa — in Rwanda. Both these events included the most horrifying international crimes against humanity: genocide and war crimes. To prosecute the most important commanding figures involved in these conflicts and hold them criminally responsible, two ad hoc United Nations tribunals were created: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in Hague and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha. They finished their operation in 2017 and 2015, respectively. The tasks of conducting and completing all ongoing proceedings, including law enforcement, after the completion of their mandates have been entrusted to the UN International Residual Mechanism. One of the crucial assignments of the tribunals and later the Redisual Mechanism was to deal with the request on behalf of the convicted for granting them early release. Although none of the statutes of the aforementioned courts provided any ground for early release, soon it was accepted that both tribunals, as well as their successor, were entitled to proceed despite this issue. As soon as in 2001, the first convict was granted early release, but with no conditions. It is estimated that, to date, more than 2/3 of all convicted by the Tribunals have been released before the termination of their sentence. This should raise the question of how to rehabilitate that kind of offender, convicted of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity, to ensure they do not pose a threat to society anymore. Especially since the offenders serve their punishment outside the country of their origin — meaning, different rules apply according to the domestic law regulation of the state that voluntarily agreed to enforce the sentence. This article analyzes the juridical approach of the tribunals and the Residual Mechanism on the issue of early release of the convicts involved in the armed conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda

In Search of Effective Methods of Prison Rehabilitation – An Example of the United States

In its introduction, the article characterises - in a most comprehensible way - themain objectives of criminal sanctions and their role in preventing crime, according tothe most commonly expressed opinions on the subject from American scholars. It isfollowed by a brief history of assessing the risk of committing an offence in the UnitedStates in recent decades. The risk assessment process was developed before World WarII as a tool to predict possible recidivism in the case of inmates released on parole, butit has been in more common use since 1980s. While the “What works?” movementinitially emerged in the United States, one needs to remember the publication of Robert Martinso’s report that created the “Nothing works” (concerning prison rehabilitation)doctrine. It aided the justification of severe changes in punitive prison policies inthe 1970s that continued well into the 1990s, with the slogans “tough on crime, toughon the causes of crime” being more prominent. It took more than a decade to reestablishsome hope in prison rehabilitation programmes and allow the paradigm shiftsto happen – from the retribution “being tough on offenders” policy to more creativeapproaches towards offenders. By constructive approaches to working with offenders,one means the use of effective methods and techniques to alter criminal behaviourof inmates to prevent their possible relapse into crime (crime prevention).The main goal of the article is to present the most fundamental system in the UScriminal justice system that is most commonly applied nowadays: the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model and its principles to offender assessment. The aforementionedprinciples were laid down by Canadian scholars, Donald Arthur Andrews andJames Bonta. In that model, “risk” means the identification of specific factors thatare associated with recidivism (in general, depending on a specific crime, e.g. sexualoffenders or offenders who committed violent crimes). Andrews and Bonta argue thata number of factors need to be considered in any comprehensive theory of criminalbehaviour, including biological or neurological issues, inheritance, temperamentand social and cultural factors, while also noting that criminal behaviour is a multifactorialissue. “Need” assesses criminogenic needs and targets them in prison treatmentprogrammes for elimination, while “responsivity” intends to maximise the offender’sability to learn how to combat possible recidivism through rehabilitative intervention,providing cognitive behavioural treatment – with the said intervention being tailoredto the learning style, motivation, abilities and strengths of the offender.Risk assessment is applied during different stages of the criminal procedure: beforesentencing and during the period of time when the criminal sanction is executed, i.e.while serving a custodial sentence. It must be noted that, in the US justice system, judgesare not the only people obliged to assess the potential risk of an offender relapsinginto crime in the future. Prison officers are also tasked with such assessment. Throughthe application of the RNR model, it is possible for the prison staff to divide inmatesinto specific groups, depending on security levels and adequate treatment programmes.In that case, the assessment tools based on the RNR model not only allow a predictionof a possible relapse into crime, but also a proper allocation of convicts to rehabilitationprogrammes provided within prisons. A convict undergoes an evaluation before andafter the treatment. Such evaluations are imposed on most prisoners, so performingthem does have an impact on the financial and human resources of a given penitentiaryunit.The most important question, “What works in prison?” is answered by the majorityof scholars through propositions of providing cognitive and behavioural skill programmesto the convicts. They have clear criteria to ensure that objectives, methods andapplication of rehabilitation programmes correspond with the needs of criminaloffenders. The conclusion of the research is meant to prove that providing offenders with such treatment (based upon the RNR model) may have a positive effect on re -ducing the risk of relapse into crime in the future. However, the appropriate methodsof treatment are based not only on psychotherapy (or, sometimes, on pharmacologicaltreatment), but also on education, vocational training, personal development, strengtheningself-control mechanisms and improving interpersonal skills

Effect of cultivation intensity on protein content and yields in field pea

W trzyletnich doświadczeniach polowych przeprowadzonych w latach 2001- 2003 oceniano wpływ zróżnicowanej intensywności uprawy grochu siewnego na zawartość i plon białka w nasionach. Badaniami objęto nisko-, średnio- i wysokonakładową technologię uprawy. Materiał doświadczalny stanowiły cztery odmiany grochu siewnego – dwie jadalne: Rola i Agra oraz dwie pastewne: Sokolik i Wiato. Mimo iż najwyższą zawartość i plon białka w nasionach stwierdzono u wszystkich odmian grochu uprawianego z zastosowaniem technologii wysoko intensywnej, to wpływ samej technologii był istotnie statystycznie mniejszy, bowiem znacznie większe zróżnicowanie zawartości i plonu białka wynikało ze zmienności warunków klimatycznych w latach uprawy.A three-year field experiment (2001-2003) evaluated the influence of different field pea cultivation intensity on the protein content and yields in pea seeds and involved low-, medium- and high-expenditure cultivation technologies. Four pea cultivars were investigated: two edible cultivars: Rola and Agra, and two fodder cultivars: Sokolik and Wiato. Although the highest protein content and yield in seeds was observed in all the pea cultivars cultivated with high-intensity technology, the effect of the technology was significantly lower as a considerably greater variation in the protein content and yield was due to variability in weather conditions over the years

Il regime disciplinare nell’ambito carcerario polacco

This article examines issues related to prison disciplinary proceedings. At the first part the Author describes – in a synthetic way – the evolution and aims of imprisonment, starting from ancient times until the 19th century. Mentioned are also the methods od prison discipline in places of penal isolation. The second part consist of a detailed account of historical development of prison disciplinary proceeding in Poland – from the period after the First World War until contemporary times. Concluding part of the article states that the objective of disciplinary sanctions is no longer only to provide safety and order within prisons but also is an important measure of inmate rehabilitation