EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY IN THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF POLAND. THE OUTLINE OF ISSUES

In an ethnically and culturally diversified society, great importance was assigned to education open to tolerance and respect for other people. In this respect, activities of Vilnius associations deserves special distinction, because – in spite of conflicts or differences of opinion – none of the associations propagated nationalist slogans nor promoted negative emotions. The dominating attitude was marked with moral sensitivity, connected with practical introduction of the pupils to perform their social and occupational ways, norms of conduct in compliance with the rules of amicable co-existence, their legacy and the sense of national identity in the spirit of tolerance.The fundamental objectives of the undertaken activities were: reconstructing reasons and circumstances of taking care of minor children, orphaned or deprived of appropriate care executed by their own families, determining the incentives contributing to development of tutelary ideas during the discussed period of time and revealing mechanisms causing development and extension of the activities, evaluating the welfare and educational work against the background of social needs, specification of the criteria to be satisfied by the institutions providing care to children in the environment of the Second Republic. 

SOCIAL WORK IN SCHOOL EDUCATION

This work comments on issues connected with an aspect to include tasks from widely perceived social work into the activity of school. School, by fulfilling certain social tasks, consolidates characteristics which are significant for workplaces, as well as social institutions, e.g. children’s homes, community centres, social units. Thus, for a student, school is some kind of mind training department. The time spend at educational facility forces, apart from didactical activities, insurance that children in care will get a possibility to relax, play or to provide safe development, then by defined part of a day the school replaces a family. Didactical functions, character and social education of school are equal and mutually connected. By understanding social work within categories of support in gaining abilities of self functioning within society, it will be then an activity which includes various behaviours and attitudes which drive to equip a client with necessary strength or means which are crucial for individual development and proper social functioning

SUPPORTING FAMILIES IN CORRECTING DYSLALIA IN CHILDREN

The text deals with issues related to the effective support of speech and language therapy for children with dyslalia. The effectiveness of speech and language stimulation is determined by a wide range of determinants. Individual predispositions, influences of educational environments, personality, professionalism, the scope of speech and language therapists’ knowledge and abilities as well as a variety of methods used by them play an essential role. Dyslalia, which is one of the most frequent speech disorders, has a negative and significant impact on children’s psychosocial functioning. Children’s attitudes toward peers with speech articulation disorders not only seem to affect intellectual, cognitive and motivational processes, including perception, attention, memory, thinking, but also transform social behaviours. Therefore, the profound significance of the family’s influence on the effectiveness of speech and language therapy for children with dyslalia has been emphasised. It is assumed that educational activities require planned, intentional and regular collaboration with various environments in order to achieve desired goals and shape comprehensive individual development

Primary failure of eruption (PFE) - a systematic literature review

Introduction and purpose Primary Failure of Eruption (PFE) is a rare disease that occurs more often in women than in men. PFE is extremely important for orthodontists because conventional treatment of patients results in ankylosis of the teeth affected by the disease. The aim of the study is to discuss the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of Primary Failure of Eruption. Description of the state of knowledge PFE is present in 0.05% to 0.6% of the population. The average incidence is at the age of 13.65, more often in women. Most often it affects the lateral teeth, and therefore it results in open lateral bites because the teeth do not reach the occlusal plane. The condition was found to be of genetic origin and inherited autosomal dominantly with a low percentage of incomplete penetration. The gene responsible for the disease is the PTH1R. The diagnosis of the disease consists in excluding other causes of eruption failure, detecting disease in which such symptoms occur, and genetic tests (NGS). Treatment of an open lateral bite cannot be carried out in a conventional manner due to the deterioration of the condition after the application of orthodontic forces. The result of the above actions is ankylosis of teeth covered by PFE. The currently proposed methods of treatment are: single or multi-site osteotomy, selective extractions with subsequent implantations, direct or indirect composite restorations, distraction osteogenesis, removable prosthetic restorations. Summary Properly conducted clinical examination of the patient should take into account PFE. Genetic testing (PTH1R) is important in the diagnosis of people with eruption disorders, which is crucial for achieving partially positive treatment results. Orthodontic treatment is contraindicated and patients with a PTH1R mutation should be monitored long-term until their growth is complete, which is the time when interdisciplinary treatment is initiated

Primary adrenal insufficiency - Addison's disease

Introduction and purpose Addison's syndrome is defined as primary adrenal insufficiency, the symptoms of which result from hormonal deficiencies: glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticosteroids and androgens. Currently, autoimmunity is considered the most common cause of Addison's Syndrome. Antibodies are most often directed against the enzymes 21-hydroxylase and 17-hydroxylase involved in steroidogenesis. The aim of the study is to present a typical clinical course, diagnostic path and current therapeutic options of Addison's syndrome. Description of the state of knowledge Currently, in developed countries, the number of cases is 100-140 people per million people. Initially, Addison's syndrome runs secretly. The clinical picture is closely correlated with the degree of adrenal cortex destruction. The most common symptoms include hypotonia, weight loss, weakness, salt craving, gastrointestinal disorders, and hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. In extreme cases, adrenal crisis may develop, characterized by rapid clinical deterioration with hypotension, fever, vomiting, dehydration, and loss of consciousness. Diagnostics uses the measurement of the concentration of morning cortisol and corticotropin (ACTH) in the blood, and in doubtful situations, additionally a stimulation test using synthetic ACTH. Summary A diagnosis of Addison's syndrome requires end-of-life hormonal substitution. For this purpose, hydrocortisone or prednisone and fludrocortisone are used. In stressful situations, the doses of glucocorticoids should be adequately increased. Patients with adrenal crisis require intensive fluid resuscitation to restore intravascular volume, correct hypoglycemia and electrolyte disturbances, and administer rapidly high doses of hydrocortisone

Risk factors for infectious keratitis - a literature review

Introduction and purpose  Infectious keratitis represents the leading cause of corneal blindness worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Both risk factors and etiological patterns vary between economically developed and developing regions, with bacterial predominance in the former and fungal predominance in the latter. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the risk factors in relation to infectious keratitis. Description of the state of knowledge  Infectious keratitis is a painful and potentially vision-threatening ophthalmic condition characterized by decreased vision, photophobia and eye redness. In severe cases, it may require hospital admission for intensive medical treatment or surgical interventions. It can be caused by a wide array of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites or polymicrobial infection. The most commonly observed predisposing factors for infectious keratitis include contact lens wear, trauma, ocular surface diseases, post-corneal surgery and systemic or local immunosuppression. Manual workers in construction or agricultural industry, exposed to vegetative matter, organic materials and animal products are particularly at risk. Higher rate of incidence is also observed in regions with poor environmental and personal hygiene, low level of education, poor access to sanitation and healthcare facility. Summary  Persistent prevalence of infectious keratitis in both developed and developing countries makes it a serious medical problem. Prevention, proper diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for positive visual outcome

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome - review

Introduction and purpose Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a constellation of symptoms that includes gastric ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic diarrhea. They are caused by the presence of gastrinoma, which is a neuroendocrine tumor that secretes gastrin. Gastrinoma is most often found in the duodenum and pancreas. ZES occurs sporadically in about 80% of cases, while in 20-25% it is a component of multiple endocrine neoplasms (MEN1). It is malignant in 60-90% of cases. The aim of the study is to present the typical clinical course of ZES, the diagnostic path and current therapeutic recommendations. Description of the state of knowledge  ZES is present in about 0.1% -1% of patients with peptic ulcer disease. The direct cause of symptoms in patients with ZES is excessive gastric secretion stimulated by ectopic gastrin. Excess gastric acid damages the gastric mucosa and small intestine and disrupts the transport of fats, leading to the development of diarrhea. Other common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, or more rarely severe complications of GERD or peptic ulcer disease. Diagnostics include measurement of fasting serum gastrin, measurement of gastric pH, and assessment of basal gastric acid production. Summary  In pharmacological treatment, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the first-line drugs to control excessive gastric acid secretion in patients with ZES. Other therapeutic options include histamine receptor antagonists or somatostatin analogues. Surgical intervention remains the only possible causal treatment. In the case of sporadic ZES routine exploratory laparotomy with curative intent is recommended. In the group of patients with coexisting MEN-1 syndrome, surgical intervention is reserved for patients with tumors> 2 cm

Point-of-care ultrasound of abdominal as an useful diagnostic tool for the general practitioner

Introduction and purpose Ultrasonography (US) is a safe, non-invasive and widespread diagnostic tool. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is more and more often used in a general practitioner’s (GP) office as an element complementing the medical and physical examination. The aim of the study is to present ultrasonography as a useful diagnostic tool in the practice of a general practitioner (GP). Description of the state of knowledge Abdominal pain and gastrointestinal infections are among the most common reasons for patients visiting their GPs. A point-of-care ultrasound examination enable the shortening of the time necessary to make a diagnosis as well as the fastest possible implementation of appropriate treatment. This is especially important in acute conditions such as cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, appendicitis or renal colic.Patients who underwent ultrasound examination during their GP visit gave them a better understanding of their health problem, increased their sense of securityand confidence in the diagnosis made by the doctor. Summary Point-of-care ultrasound is an examination that is increasingly used by doctors working in primary care as a diagnostic tool ensuring earlier and more precise diagnosis. GP familiarization with ultrasound could reduce the number of incorrect referrals as well as improve the interpretation of the results. Performing the POCUS examination during a visit to the primary care physician allows GP to make a quick diagnosis and make a decision about conservative treatment, referral to the appropriate specialist or hospitalization

Orthographic priming in Braille reading as evidence for task-specific reorganization in the ventral visual cortex of the congenitally blind

The task-specific principle asserts that, following deafness or blindness, the deprived cortex is reorganized in a manner such that the task of a given area is preserved even though its input modality has been switched. Accordingly, tactile reading engages the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT) in the blind in a similar way to regular reading in the sighted. Others, however, show that the vOT of the blind processes spoken sentence structure, which suggests that the task-specific principle might not apply to vOT. The strongest evidence for the vOT's engagement in sighted reading comes from orthographic repetition-suppression studies. Here, congenitally blind adults were tested in an fMRI repetition-suppression paradigm. Results reveal a double dissociation, with tactile orthographic priming in the vOT and auditory priming in general language areas. Reconciling our finding with other evidence, we propose that the vOT in the blind serves multiple functions, one of which, orthographic processing, overlaps with its function in the sighted