PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN DAN EKSTRAKURIKULER WAJIB KEPRAMUKAAN TERHADAP KARAKTER KEWIRAUSAHAAN (Studi Kasus Peserta Didik Kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data mengenai 1. Pembinaan karakter kewirausahaan pada pembelajaran kewirausahaan pokok pembahasan produksi ikan konsumsi peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung, 2. Pembinaan karakter kewirausahaan di Gugus depan 03021-03022 pangkalan SMA YPI Bandung, 3. Karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung, 4. Pengaruh pembinaan karakter kewirausahaan melalui pembelajaran kewirausahaan pokok bahasan produksi ikan konsumsi peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung, 5. Pengaruh pembinaan karakter kewirausahaan dalam ekstrakurikuler wajib kepramukaan di Gugus depan 03021-03022 pangkalan SMA YPI Bandung. Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan metode survei tingkat eksplanasi asosiatif kausal. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara studi pustaka, kuesioner, dan observasi. Populasi pada penelitian ini, yaitu peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung semester I yang berjumlah 22 orang. Hipotesis pada penelitian ini, yaitu 1. Terdapat pengaruh pembelajaran kewirausahaan terhadap karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung, 2 Terdapat pengaruh ekstrakurikuler kepramukaan terhadap karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung. Teknik pengolahan data menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, uji normalitas data, analisis regresi linier sederhana, dan koefisien determinasi dengan menggunakan program SPSS 20.0 for windows. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa, 1. Pembinaan karakter kewirausahaan pada pembelajaran kewirausahaan peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI menunjukkan kategori Baik dengan rata-rata 3,85, 2. Pembinaan karakter kewirausahaan di Gugus depan 03021-03022 pangkalan SMA YPI Bandung menunjukkan kategori Baik dengan rata-rata 3,78, 3. Karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung menujukkan kategori Sangat Baik dengan rata-rata 4,04, 4. T¬erdapat pengaruh pembelajaran kewirausahaan terhadap karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik senilai 4,7 % itu berarti Y sebagian kecil dipengaruhi oleh X1, arti Ha1 dapat diterima dan Ho1 ditolak, 5. Terdapat pengaruh ekstrakurikuler kepramukaan terhadap karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik senilai 27,6 % itu berarti Y hampir setengahnya dipengaruhi oleh X2, arti Ha2 dapat diterima dan Ho2 ditolak. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu secara parsial terdapat pengaruh positif pembelajaran kewirausahaan dan ekstrakurikuler kepramukaan terhadap karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik kelas XI SMA YPI Bandung. Sebagai akhir penelitian penulis menyampaikan saran kepada sekolah, guru, dan pembina Pramuka agar pembelajaran dan pelatihan dioptimalkan sebagai salah satu strategi untuk meningkatkan karakter kewirausahaan peserta didik. Kata kunci: Pembelajaran Kewirausahaan, Ekstrakurikuler Kepramukaan, Karakter Kewirausahaan

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Localization and function of tissue macrophages

The rat monoclonal antibody F4/80 defines a plasma membrane glycoprotein of about 160 kilodaltons that is expressed by mature mouse macrophages. The antigen has been used to define macrophage distribution within the mouse (normal adult, embryo, infection models) by cytochemistry and quantitative immunochemical analysis. Macrophages migrate into fetal and adult haemopoietic and other tissues in an ordered sequence. The surface properties of 'fixed' macrophages isolated from various organs (bone marrow, liver, spleen) are distinct from those of circulating monocytes or free cells (peritoneal and pleural cavities, alveolar) and may play a role in local adhesion and trophic interactions with other cells

Limitations of serum ferritin to predict liver iron concentration responses to deferasirox therapy in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia

WOS: 000394910900011PubMed ID: 27859648BackgroundIn transfusion-dependent anaemias, while absolute serum ferritin levels broadly correlate with liver iron concentration (LIC), relationships between trends in these variables are unclear. These relationships are important because serum ferritin changes are often used to adjust or switch chelation regimens when liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unavailable. Objectives and methodsThis post hoc analysis of the EPIC study compared serum ferritin and LIC in 317 patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia before and after 1 yr of deferasirox. ResultsSerum ferritin responses (decreases) occurred in 73% of patients, 80% of whom also have decreased LIC. However, 52% of patients without a serum ferritin response did decrease LIC and by >1 mg Fe/g dw (median 3.9) in 77% of cases. Absolute serum ferritin and LIC values correlated significantly only when serum ferritin was <4000 ng/mL (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001) and not at higher levels (4000 ng/mL; r = 0.19). Serum ferritin response was accompanied by decreased LIC in 89% and 70% of cases when serum ferritin was <4000 or 4000 ng/mL, respectively. ConclusionsAs serum ferritin non-response was associated with LIC decrease in over half of patients, use of liver MRI may be particularly useful for differentiating true from apparent non-responders to deferasirox based on serum ferritin trends alone.Novartis Pharma AG; Novartis PharmaceuticalsThis study was sponsored by Novartis Pharma AG. Medical writing support was provided by Debbi Gorman and Catherine Risebro, PhD, from Mudskipper Business Ltd, funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals