Nutrients (N, P, K, Na) and warming affect heterotrophic respiration in temperate forest litter

At present, ecosystems are facing changes caused by global warming and anthropogenic impacts on geochemical cycles. Both temperature and nutrient availability affect litter decomposition; however, little is known about their simultaneous effect on litter decomposition in temperate forests, especially for nutrients such as Na and K. To address this perspective, we investigated how changes in N, P, Na and K supply and increased temperature affect litter decomposition measured as respiration. Moreover, the study determines what changes can be expected in the functioning of two forest types of different fertility (deciduous and coniferous). The respiration measurements were conducted in the laboratory in mesocosms filled with litter from deciduous (oak-hornbeam) and coniferous (mixed pine-oak) forests fertilized by N, P, K, and Na. The experiment was conducted at ambient (14 $^{\circ}C$; oak-hornbeam and mixed pine-oak litter) and increased temperatures (22 $^{\circ}C$; oak-hornbeam litter). The respiration of oak-hornbeam litter increased with increasing temperature, with $Q_{10}$ values ranging from 1.49 to 2.14. Our results showed different responses of respiration to nutrient addition between temperatures and litter types. In oak-hornbeam, at 14 $^{\circ}C$, the addition of N, P and K decreased respiration, whereas at 22 $^{\circ}C$, such an effect was noted only under N application, and P and Na addition increased respiration. In mixed pine-oak litter at 14 $^{\circ}C$, respiration decreased after Na addition, and other nutrients had no effect. Together, our results suggest that forecasting the impact of nutrient deposition on ecosystem functioning should consider temperature rise as a factor altering ecosystem responses to fertilization in future research

1,3-Diphenyl-8-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline

The 1H-pyrazolo­[3,4-b]quinoline (PQ) core of the title mol­ecule, C23H14F3N3, is aromatic and essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.015 Å) and the two phenyl substituents at positions 1 and 3 are twisted relative to this fragment by 29.74 (7) and 25.63 (7)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are arranged along the b axis into stacks via [pi]-[pi] inter­actions, with an inter­planar distance of the PQ core of 3.489 (4) Å

3-Methyl-1,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo­[3,4-b]quinoline

In the title mol­ecule, C23H17N3, the phenyl substituents at positions 1 and 4 are twisted relative to the central core by 27.09 (5) and 66.62 (4)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are assembled into centrosymmetric dimers via π–π stacking inter­actions between the 1H-pyrazolo­[3,4-b]quinoline ­units, with an inter­planar distance of 3.601 (2) Å and by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions

Analiza ryzyka i zarządzania ryzykiem jako element systemu zarządzania kryzysowego w organizacji

In this article the author takes the issue of risk analysis and risk management in general and the impact on the organization and its safety. It shows the importance of continuous analysis of possible risks, identifying them and proposing how to deal with them. This article contains a synthetic presentation of the process risk management and the most common methods. The summary shows the positive consequences of the process of risk management by the organization, as well as problems related to its practical implementation.:W artykule autor podejmuje problematykę analizy ryzyka i zarządzania ryzykiem w ogólnie rozumianej organizacji oraz wpływu na jej bezpieczeństwo. Przedstawia wagę prowadzenia ciągłej analizy możliwych ryzyk, ich identyfikacji oraz sposobu postępowania z nimi. Artykuł zawiera także syntetyczną prezentację procesu zarządzania ryzykiem i jego najczęstszych metod. Podsumowanie przedstawia pozytywne konsekwencje prowadzenia procesu zarządzania ryzykiem przez organizacje, a także problemy związane z jego praktyczną realizacją

Breast cancer screening programmes in selected European countries and Poland

Breast neoplasms are the most common malignant tumors among women. In recent years breast cancer incidence rate has increased. Due to this fact the European Union presents evidence-based guidelines on breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Recommended and commonly used screening test is mammography. The effectiveness of prophylaxis is measured by a decrease in breast cancer mortality rate. Detailed recommendations in EU member countries differ from those presented by the EU institutions. This paper compares the screening programme in Poland to screening programmes in other EU members. The evaluation considers compliance with European screening guidelines and changes in mortality rates since the introduction of the screening programs. General guidelines in Poland are close to European ones. However, some Polish health centers still use analog mammography instead of recommended digital mammography. Furthermore, mortality rate changes in Poland maintain on a constant level due to women’s reluctant participation in screening tests

6-Fluoro-1,3,4-triphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline benzene hemisolvate

In the title compound, C28H18FN3·0.5C6H6, the 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline core is almost planar (r.m.s = 0.0371 Å, maximum deviation = 0.0571 Å) and aromatic. The solvent benzene mol­ecules are located around inversion centres. In the crystal, mol­ecules related by centres of symmetry form dimers, with distances of 3.932 (3) Å between best planes through the fused core due to π⋯π stacking. The phenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 4, are twisted away from the core, making dihedral angles of 29.66 (7), 44.59 (7) and 67.94 (6)°, respectively

A new humanized ataxin-3 knock-in mouse model combines the genetic features, pathogenesis of neurons and glia and late disease onset of SCA3/MJD

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3/MJD) is a neurodegenerative disease triggered by the expansion of CAG repeats in the ATXN3 gene. Here, we report the generation of the first humanized ataxin-3 knock-in mouse model (Ki91), which provides insights into the neuronal and glial pathology of SCA3/MJD. First, mutant ataxin-3 accumulated in cell nuclei across the Ki91 brain, showing diffused immunostaining and forming intranuclear inclusions. The humanized allele revealed expansion and contraction of CAG repeats in intergenerational transmissions. CAG mutation also exhibited age-dependent tissue-specific expansion, which was most prominent in the cerebellum, pons and testes of Ki91 animals. Moreover, Ki91 mice displayed neuroinflammatory processes, showing astrogliosis in the cerebellar white matter and the substantia nigra that paralleled the transcriptional deregulation of Serpina3n, a molecular sign of neurodegeneration and brain damage. Simultaneously, the cerebellar Purkinje cells in Ki91 mice showed neurodegeneration, a pronounced decrease in Calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity and a mild decrease in cell number, thereby modeling the degeneration of the cerebellum observed in SCA3. Moreover, these molecular and cellular neuropathologies were accompanied by late behavioral deficits in motor coordination observed in rotarod and static rod tests in heterozygous Ki91 animals. In summary, we created an ataxin-3 knock-in mouse model that combines the molecular and behavioral disease phenotypes with the genetic features of SCA3. This model will be very useful for studying the pathogenesis and responses to therapy of SCA3/MJD and other polyQ disorders

Pathological changes of the skin and the oral mucosa during pregnancy : part II

The specific physiological or pathological changes of the skin and mucous membranes can occur during pregnancy. Also the effect of pregnancy on some skin disorders is highly variable and are not predictable, some of the skin conditions may improve while others are aggravated. The changes in the course of the skin and mucous membranes disorders during pregnancy were presented, based on data from literature. The choice of the therapy during pregnancy is an important\ud management option