The High-Acceptance Dielectron Spectrometer HADES

HADES is a versatile magnetic spectrometer aimed at studying dielectron production in pion, proton and heavy-ion induced collisions. Its main features include a ring imaging gas Cherenkov detector for electron-hadron discrimination, a tracking system consisting of a set of 6 superconducting coils producing a toroidal field and drift chambers and a multiplicity and electron trigger array for additional electron-hadron discrimination and event characterization. A two-stage trigger system enhances events containing electrons. The physics program is focused on the investigation of hadron properties in nuclei and in the hot and dense hadronic matter. The detector system is characterized by an 85% azimuthal coverage over a polar angle interval from 18 to 85 degree, a single electron efficiency of 50% and a vector meson mass resolution of 2.5%. Identification of pions, kaons and protons is achieved combining time-of-flight and energy loss measurements over a large momentum range. This paper describes the main features and the performance of the detector system

The function of greens accompanying the livestock buildings

The greens accompanying the farm buildings, in the main, perform the function of protection, but it is necessary to consider their usability (production) and decorative (social and cultural) function. They protect the buildings and its environs against winds, noise, fires, excessive insolation, snow and dust. The trees and bushes form the most efficient acoustic protection. It is necessary to form protective zones around the animal farms (large livestock farms) with a large percentage of greens. The width of the protective zones is determined individually depending on the farm size, livestock, building orientation and the frequency of oriented winds. On ecological farms there is almost always a diversified cropped area belonging to the farm. The type of animal raised decides on cropland character, type and system. On a tourism farm the predominated greens depend primarily on the role played by animals and livestock building. The aesthetic values of the greens - Their diversity and decorative forms and shapes as well as structure, design, facing and colours become landscape elements along with accompanying buildings

Death Knells for Homestead

From the beginning of permanent settlement, a homestead, a place of work and living of a peasant family, was the first and basic element shaping the settlement landscape. It generated clear spatial solutions for an entire village. Since the end of the 20th century, a peasant homestead has been commonly losing its traditional function. living and production functions have been separated from each other and a homestead has no longer been a spatial solution the village development used to be marked by. It is characteristic of the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries that new forms of village and rural areas settlement developed. Traditional production homesteads belong mainly to the group of subsistence farms and partially to the group of semi-subsistence farms. No prospects for independent and unsubsidized growth of family subsistence farms and a part of semi-subsistence farms will result in continued operation and growth of large-scale farms in the years to come. Only very large area farms, which are mainly companies and cooperatives as well as those family farms which have more than 100 ha of plough land will be able to limit the cost of production and make a profit. In case such a scenario occurs, this will give rise to specialized, often monoculture, large farm agriculture, where a household is separated from a farmstead, the latter being regarded as a company. Change of the function, transformation of once typically agricultural villages into multifunctional centres, development of non-agricultural activities, and implementation of afforestation programmes will be finally accompanied by the disappearance of the existing homestead development from the majority of the rural areas and also the lack of new homestead development there. The landscape of rural areas used for agricultural purposes will be dominated by farmsteads with large area and single-species crop, greenhouses and livestock facilities making it possible for making maximum profit with the minimum expenditure. Besides, other objects of no permanent connection with the land will also prevail, including mobile buildings, storage sheds, and all-purpose rooms, and maybe in the not too distant future, there will also be vertical farms. Vertical objects, which for the time being partially remain in the sphere of futuristic designs, may also be located within the cities

Rustic forms of recreation implemented and created by modern urban residents

Miasta nigdy nie zerwały całkowicie z wiejskością. Już od starożytności wieś i obszary wiejskie pełniły dla mieszkańców miast funkcje rekreacyjne. Tradycyjne prace wykonywane w gospodarstwie wiejskim traktowali i traktują oni jako hobby, któremu oddają się w czasie wolnym. Różnorodne formy rekreacji w miastach czy też realizowane przez ich mieszkańców mają swoje źródło w wiejskich obrzędach i obyczajach. Rustykalną formę rekreacji w mieście stanowi ogrodnictwo miejskie. Znajdujące się w granicach miast ogrody działkowe, przydomowe i komunalne, farmy dla dzieci, uprawiane zgodnie z zasadami permakultury jadalne parki i lasy. „Wiejski” wypoczynek mieszczuchów spełniany jest też przez, coraz częściej lokalizowane wśród wielkomiejskiej zabudowy ośrodki jeździeckie, ścieżki do jazdy konnej i hotele dla koni. Rustykalna rekreacja nierzadko pozwala na integrację mieszkańców miast przez duże zaangażowanie społeczności lokalnych i działalność non-profit w ramach partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego.Cities have never completely gave up rusticity. From the antiquity, villages and rural areas have been performing recreational functions for urban residents. They have been treating traditional tasks carried out in farmhouses as a hobby, in which they involve in their free time. Various forms of recreation in cities or these executed by their inhabitants are rooted in the rural rites and customs. Urban gardening is a rustic form of recreation in the city. Allotment gardens, backyards, communal gardens, farms for children, edible parks and food forests, grown according to the principles of permaculture, located within cities. The „rural” leisure of city dwellers is also achieved by equestrian centres, horse riding tracks and hotels for horses, increasingly localized in the urban development. The rustic recreation often allows for the integration of urban population through the large involvement of local communities and non-profit business in the form of a public-private partnership

A River in a City Centre Landscape - a Boundary and the Quality of a Public Area

Lasting relationships between settlements and water, especially a river, are characteristic of the majority of world cultures. Creation of the major ancient civilizations was closely connected with the existence of major rivers. When founding a city on a riverbank, the founders were above all guided by practical factors. Parallel to this the cult of the river developed. Along with the development of cities, composition and aesthetic roles of a river in a city became more important, especially in its central part, namely the city centre. River channels within cities underwent some changes. Along with the physical ones in the riverbed, a river was frequently "shifted" in a city plan to a down-town area. A river as a separation strip, area, or boundary, shapes both positive and negative components of a down-town landscape. A city centre river valley has the potential to create and model public areas, which form a positive image of a city in the users` minds. It may highlight its beauty or mitigate the imperfections of urbanized surroundings. The essential goal for those who contemporarily shape down-town river valleys is not to let a valley separate or negatively distinguish the areas situated on both its sides. Instead, it should create a friendly and human-oriented dow--town public area

Farm buildings for stock beauty of form and modern architectural idea

Poczynając już od najwcześniejszych XIII-wiecznych rozwiązań, folwark, jako miejsce produkcji, kształtowany był według ściśle określonych reguł i praw architektonicznych. Istniejące na ziemiach polskich folwarki różniły się stosunkami pracy, zasadami i głównymi kierunkami produkcji oraz wielkością. Budownictwo drewniane dominowało na wsi do XIX wieku, kiedy to zmiany związane z intensyfikacją określonych działów produkcji rolnej i rozwojem przemysłu rolno-spożywczego znalazły swoje odzwierciedlenie w gospodarstwach folwarcznych. Wiek XIX to również wiek „rewolucji” architektonicznych, które wpłynęły na powstanie zabudowy folwarcznej o bardzo interesującej i oryginalnej architekturze. Od ponad półwiecza z niezwykłą starannością i celowością wznoszone niegdyś folwarki ulegają dekapitalizacji. Wczęści jeszcze istniejących budynków inwentarskich prowadzona jest produkcja, niektóre zostały zaadaptowane do innych funkcji, nieliczne stanowią obiekty muzealne, znaczna część niszczeje. Przyczyn tego zjawiska należy doszukiwać się w ilości i złożoności, a często niejednoznaczności interpretacji zagadnień z zakresu planowania przestrzennego oraz konieczności określenia właściwej kolejności inwestowania - na miarę posiadanych środków. Folwarki stanowiły integralną część naszego krajobrazu kulturowego. I nadal, między innymi dla swoich walorów architektonicznych, powinny być poznane i – tam, gdzie to możliwe, zachowane. Najważniejszym, ale i najtrudniejszym zadaniem do rozwiązania jest znalezienie dla inwentarskich zabudowań folwarcznych właściwej formuły tak własnościowej, jak i użytkowej, które przy uszanowaniu wartości historycznych pozwoliłyby na właściwe ich współczesne funkcjonowanie.Beginning with the earliest 13th century solutions, the farm as a place of production was shaped according to closely specified architectural rules and principles. The farms existing in the Polish land were different in labour relations, production rules and main production directions and capacity. Wooden building work was predominant in the countryside until the 19th century, when changes related to intensification of specific fields of farming production and development of farming and food industry were mirrored in farmsteads. The 19th century was also the age of architectural ‘revolutions’ which affected origination of farming development with very interesting and original architecture. Since over half a century, the farms, once erected with immense care and purposefulness, have been decapitalised. Production is continued in some of the still existing stock buildings, others have been adapted to other functions, and a very few constitute museum facilities, and most of them are on the decay. The causes of this need to be found in the number and complexity, and often in ambiguities in interpretation of the issues in the field of space planning and the necessity of specifying the proper order of investing measured by the funds owned. The farms constituted the integral part of our cultural landscape. Still, among others for their architectural features, they should be made known and, where possible, preserved. The most important, but the most difficult, is to find the appropriate ownership format for stock farm facilities, as well as their functions, which could allow their modern functioning with observation of their historical values

Smart city by vertical farm. Selected examples of solutions

Miasta rozwijają się niezwykle szybko i już wykorzystują 75% zasobów Ziemi. Ich powierzchnia zwiększa się dużo wolniej niż gęstość zaludnienia, co oznacza, że na coraz mniejszym obszarze mieszka coraz więcej ludzi, którzy nie produkują, ale potrzebują żywności. W reakcji na potencjalne sytuacje kryzysowe i konieczność zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego mieszkańcom, niektóre z największych metropolii świata opracowują strategie żywnościowe uwzględniające produkcje żywności w mieście. W wielu krajach wdrażane są różne rozwiązania pozwalające realizować idee energetycznej i żywnościowej samowystarczalności miast. Realizowane są miejskie farmy pionowe. Powstają też teoretyczne projekty samowystarczalnych inteligentnych miast, które spełniają warunki określone przez definicje współczesnych farm pionowych. Przybierają one formę zwartych struktur, pojedynczych farm: inteligentnych eco-miast oraz inteligentnych eco-miast utworzonych z kilku farm pionowych.Cities are developing extremely rapidly, and they already use 75% of the Earth’s resources. Their area is increasing at a slower rate than the population density, which means that an increasingly smaller area is inhabited by an increasingly growing number of people who do not produce but need food. In response to the potential crisis situations and the necessity of ensuring food safety to the inhabitants, some of the largest metropolitan areas of the world are developing food strategies that take into consideration food production in the city. A lot of countries are implementing solutions that enable putting into effect the idea of energetic and food self-sufficiency of cities. Vertical city farms are being established. Also, theoretical designs of self-sufficient smart cities are being developed to meet the conditions defined by the modern-day vertical farms. They assume the form of compact structures, single farms: smart eco-cities and smart eco-cities made up of several vertical farms

Historical «humble architecture» architecture without architects in the public area of town space

Many city borders have nowadays included former rural areas, with their typical rural structures. Very often there are some areas in town centers that used to be former outskirts of the settlements previously occupied by workers, craftsmen or fishermen. These are now one of the historical examples of talents possessed by both non-professional amateurs and fully professional craftsmen. It is symptomatic that big cities treat their non-urban (nontown, non-city, non-metropolitan) layer without proper attention. Small and medium settling units are mostly quite able to accept the said areas as identical to them, preserving and revitalising them. After the recognition of resources and identification of conditions and contexts, it seems to be justified and necessary to rehabilitate, revaluate and revitalize the areas of non-urban layer of a city. Not only by introducing its role as a museum, but also by keeping its traditional functions and introducing modern ones. Introducing new contents should by done by accepting, adapting and showing existing positive values of a landscape, city and architecture, as they are significant items of the local cultural heritage. The vast area of our matter is taken by a legislative context, especially when dealing with a highly sensitive subject of property. The other important issue is an aspect of motivation inclining us to conduct modernisations of existing valuable resources of "humble architecture" and using them in a proper way. Implementing new contents would allow us to acquire the world unique urban areas of a new value

The Specifics of Light and Lighting in Urban Vertical Farms Oriented Towards Plant Production

Systemy upraw stosowane w części istniejących miejskich farm pionowych wykorzystują wyłącznie albo głównie światło naturalne. Występują technologie oparte na użyciu światła naturalnego i sztucznego oraz bez dostępu światła słonecznego, wykorzystujące do wzrostu roślin tylko sztuczne źródła światła. Stosowane są lampy LED, kompaktowe lampy fluorescencyjne, metalohalogenkowe i świetlówki. Prowadzi się badania dotyczące wpływu różnych barw światła lamp LED na jakość i tempo wzrostu roślin. Ich wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że przy użyciu niektórych systemów upraw z zastosowaniem oświetlenia lampami LED w miejskich farmach pionowych uzyskuje się plony kilkukrotnie większe niż w tradycyjnym gospodarstwie o porównywalnym areale. Zjawiskiem towarzyszącym stosowaniu światła sztucznego jest możliwość wystąpienia efektu zanieczyszczenia światłem.The cultivation systems used in some of the existing urban vertical farms utilize exclusively or mostly natural light. There are technologies based on the use of both natural and artificial light, and ones without access to sunlight, using only artificial light sources for the plant growth. The technologies used here include LED lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps and fluorescent bulbs. Studies are conducted on the effects that different colors of light from LED lamps have on the quality and growth rate of plants. Their results allow us to conclude that certain crop growing systems utilizing lighting from LED lamps in urban vertical farms provide yields several times greater than in traditional farm with a comparable cultivation area. One phenomenon accompanying the use of artificial light is the possible occurrence of the light pollution effect