Fine-Wire Intramuscular Insertion to the Lumbar Paraspinal Muscles does not Affect Muscle Activation and Performance During High Exertion Spinal Extension Muscle Contractions

Background and Purpose: Low back pain (LBP) is associated with paraspinal muscle dysfunctions. A method to study the deep lumbar paraspinal muscle activation is with intramuscular electromyography (EMG). However, it is currently unknown how paraspinal muscle performance is affected by the invasive intramuscular insertion and the presence of the fine-wire electrode in the muscle. The purpose of this study was to analyze how insertion of fine-wire EMG into lumbar paraspinal muscle affects the lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue, endurance, activation, and peak extension torque during high exertion spinal extension exercises. Participants: 20 individuals between the ages of 18-40 participated. The participants were healthy with no history of LBP within the last 6 months that required activity modification or medical care. Methods: Data was obtained during 3 separate testing sessions, spaced 5 to 10 days apart. The first session obtained baseline outcome measures without intramuscular insertion (BL), with subsequent sessions utilizing a random order of insertion followed by leaving the intramuscular electrode fine-wire in (WI) or out (WO) of the muscle. Lumbar paraspinal peak extension torque was assessed with isokinetic dynamometry. Lumbar paraspinal endurance was evaluated using the Sorensen test. Paraspinal muscle fatigue was assessed using the rate of change (slope) of the median frequency during the endurance test. Percent of muscle activation was calculated by using the average muscle activation level during the endurance task. Pain and discomfort levels were recorded using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at specific times during the test sessions. All outcome measures were compared across the 3 conditions using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs and post-hoc analyses when indicated. Results: Our results showed no significant difference in peak torque (p = 0.196) between the BL, WI, and WO conditions. A significant difference in lumbar paraspinal endurance was found between the 3 conditions (p = 0.025). Post-hoc analysis showed that the muscle endurance in the WO condition was significantly longer than the BL condition (161.30 ± 58.267 sec vs. 142.05 ± 48.159 sec; p = 0.037). Percent of muscle activation during the endurance testing was not significantly different between the 3 conditions (p = 0.120). Pain scores reported during the 3 conditions were minimal (ranged 0-4/10). No pain was reported on the first day of testing (BL). No significant difference in pain scores was found between the WI and WO conditions: during each of the the three MVIC trials, after the MVIC trials, during the Sorensen test, or after the Sorensen test (p = 0.104, p = 0.186, p = 0.214, p = 0.330, p = 0.527, p = 0.481, respectively). Discussion: Our findings suggested that the insertion and presence of fine-wire EMG in the lumbar paraspinal muscles had no significant impact on lumbar paraspinal muscle peak extension torque, activation or fatigue and induced minimal pain. However, the results did suggest that the insertion and subsequent removal of the fine-wire did have an affect on lumbar paraspinal endurance. This study provides empirical evidence to validate the use of fine-wire EMG for studying lumbar paraspinal muscles during activities that require high muscular exertion

A Study of Some "Discipline Dangers" in the Industrial Arts Laboratories of Fort Worth, Texas, Public Schools

This is a study of the opinions of industrial arts teachers(presently teaching in the Fort Worth Public Schools, Fort Worth, Texas) concerning factors affecting discipline in industrial arts laboratories

Games That Lovers Play: Eine Ganze Nacht

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp-copyright/6205/thumbnail.jp

LEAD POISONING IN A WHOOPING CRANE

The first known incident of lead poisoning in a whooping crane (Grus americana) occurred as the affected bird completed its second migration from Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Idaho to Bosque del Apache NWR, New Mexico. It fell ill about 4 1/2 weeks after reaching the winter site and was captured. The bird exhibited signs of anorexia and starvation, weakness with drooped wings, greenish watery diarrhea and an unusual gaping of the mouth with abnormal swallowing motions. Blood showed marked polychromasia (\u3e50%) and reticulocytosis (\u3e80%) of RBC\u27s. Serum chemistry values were not diagnostic. A radiograph showed the gizzard contained material more dense than normal grit. Blood lead levels were 566 mg/dl (5.66 ppm). The bird died after 48 hours in captivity, failing to respond to supportive care and chelation (1 injection of calcium verso nate @35 mg/kg 1M). At necropsy the gizzard contained approximately 890 tiny lead particles (8.35 g) as well as many particles of plastic and aluminum. Liver lead levels were 24 ppm (wet basis), and kidney 10.4 ppm (wet basis). The source of the ingested lead was thought to be a small plastic encased battery or fishing sinker or similar object. The crane had also been shot with a shotgun sometime previously, but this was not the cause of death

Perencanaan kota/ Anthony J. Catenese (dan James C. Synder (edt.)

xiv, 452 hal. : ill. ; 24 c

Perencanaan kota/ Anthony J. Catenese (dan James C. Synder (edt.)

xiv, 452 hal. : ill. ; 24 c

Perencanaan kota/ Anthony J. Catenese (dan James C. Synder (edt.)

xiv, 452 hal. : ill. ; 24 c