Elaboração do plano de desmonte de uma embarcação do tipo ferry boat utilizada nas travessias litorâneas do estado de São Paulo

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Joinville, Engenharia Naval.O desmonte de embarcações consiste no processo de desmantelamento de seus elementos e constituintes com o objetivo de reaproveitar seus equipamentos e componentes. Esta atividade envolve a presença de diversos materiais, dentre eles, os perigosos, que oferecem riscos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Com a isso, no decorrer dos anos foram propostas regulamentações e leis trabalhistas rigorosas referentes a essa prática, aplicada ao território de países desenvolvidos. Porém, como reflexo, a indústria de desmonte e reciclagem de embarcações teve seu polo gradativamente transferido para nações em que estas regulamentações e leis não são abrangidas. Desta forma, armadores passaram a enviar navios para estas regiões onde as atividades são realizadas de maneira irregular, oferendo riscos ao meio ambiente e saúde dos trabalhadores. O Brasil é um país onde este mercado de reciclagem de embarcações é extremamente reduzido, devido à falta de experiência e preparação por parte dos estaleiros regionais. Portanto, embarcações nacionais geralmente são exportadas aos destinos comuns de reciclagem ou abandonadas às margens de rios e cais, gerando danos ambientais, sociais e ocasionando acidentes. Diante deste cenário, o presente trabalho apresenta detalhadamente as etapas definidas de um plano de desmonte de uma embarcação tipo ferry boat, atuante no transporte marítimo nacional, baseada em diretrizes e recomendações de processos apresentadas por órgãos internacionais regulamentadores, como a IMO, Convenção de Hong Kong e Convenção da Basileia. A partir de um levantamento quantitativo dos equipamentos e materiais da embarcação em estudo, analisou-se os processos a serem utilizados para o desmonte, segregação, armazenamento e destinação destes materiais presentes de maneira correta. De acordo com o estudo, a embarcação apresenta um alto potencial de reciclagem, com cerca de 77% do seu peso leve representado por aço, além do reaproveitamento dos acessórios incluídos a bordo. Considerando este fato, a exploração desta prática na indústria naval brasileira, pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos mercados regionais apresentando uma nova vertente de atividade para execução nos estaleiros nacionais

Wpływ wzrastającego nawożenia potasem na zmiany w zawar-tości selenu i tytanu w glebie oraz rutwicy wschodniej (Galega orientalis Lam.)

The aim of this study was to estimate changes in the content of selenium and titanium in soil and eastern galega under the influence of growing potassium fertilization and the sampling of the analyzed elements together with the yield of the test plant. A three-year field experiment was conducted on experimental plots belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The study included the following six fertilization objects: control treatment (0); P1; K1; P1K2; P1K3; P1K4 (P1 – 23, K1 – 83, K2 – 124, K3 – 166, K4 – 207.5 kg.ha-1). In each year of the study a test plant was collected three times in the budding stage. After harvesting galega soil samples were collected. Varied potassium fertilization had a significant impact on changes in the content of selenium and titanium in the soil and eastern galega. Most selenium in the soil was determined with the control object, and titanium in the soil fertilized with a dose of potassium 83 kg.ha-1. The use of potassium doses (K3–K4 166–207.5 kg.ha-1) resulted in a significant increase of selenium content in the test plant in relation to the dose of 83 kg.ha-1 (K1). The use of the potassium salt at a dose of K2 (124 kg.ha-1) resulted in a significant reduction in the titanium content in the test plant in comparison to K1 fertilization K1 (83 kg.ha-1). Eastern galega harvested at successive dates and subsequent years of study contained smaller amounts of selenium and titanium. The content of selenium and titanium in the dry mass of the test plant was below the range limit numbers defining the permissible quantities of elements in the feed. Eastern galega fertilized with the dose of phosphorus 23 kg.ha-1 and potassium 166 kg.ha-1 absorbed the largest amounts of selenium and titanium with the yield.Celem badań była ocena zmian zawartości selenu i tytanu w glebie i rutwicy wschodniej pod wpływem wzrastającego nawożenia potasem oraz pobrania analizowanych pierwiastków z plonem rośliny testowej. Trzyletnie doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono na poletkach doświadczalnych należących do Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. W badaniach uwzględniono sześć obiektów nawozowych: obiekt kontrolny (0); P1; K1; P1K2; P1K3; P1K4 (P1 – 23, K1 – 83, K2 – 124, K3 – 166, K4 – 207,5 kg.ha-1). W każdym roku badań zbierano trzykrotnie roślinę testową w fazie pąkowania. Po zbiorach pobierano próbki gleby. Zróżnicowane nawożenie potasem istotnie wpłynęło na zmiany zawartości selenu i tytanu w glebie oraz w rutwicy wschodniej. Największą zawartość selenu oznaczono w glebie pobranej z obiektu nawozowego P1 – 23 kg.ha-1, a tytanu w glebie nawożonej potasem w ilości 207,5 kg.ha-1. Zastosowanie potasu w dawkach (K3 – 166 i K4 – 207,5 kg.ha-1) spowodowało istotne zwiększanie zawartości selenu w roślinie testowej w stosunku do dawki 83 kg.ha-1 (K1). Zastosowanie soli potasowej w dawce K2 (124 kg.ha-1) wpłynęło na istotne zmniejszenie zawartości tytanu w roślinie testowej w odniesieniu do obiektu nawożonego K1 – 83 kg.ha-1. Rutwica zbierana w kolejnych terminach i kolejnych latach badań zawierała mniejsze ilości selenu i tytanu. Zawartość selenu i tytanu w suchej masie rośliny testowej mieściła się poniżej zakresu liczb granicznych określających dopuszczalne ilości tych pierwiastków w paszy. Rutwica wschodnia nawożona dawką P1 – 23 kg.ha-1 i K3 – 166 kg.ha-1 pobrała z plonem największe ilości selenu i tytanu

Wpływ Humacu Agro na plon, zawartość cukru w burakach cukrowych i właściwości gleby w warunkach zrównoważonego systemu rozwoju rolnictwa

The paper presents results of the direct impact of Humac Agro on the yield, sugar content in sugar beets and selected soil properties under conditions of climate and soil of south-eastern Poland. Humac Agro was applied in early spring. The studies included 3 variants: control (V1), 250 kg.ha-1 Humac Agro (V2) and 500 kg×ha-1 Humac Agro (V3). Nitrogen fertilization (60.3 kg×ha-1) was applied on V3 and while the dose 94.8 kg×ha-1 was used on V1 and V2. The doses of fertilizers were the same for all fertilizer variants. The highest yields of sugar beet (95.97 Mg×ha-1) were obtained for variant V3. Humac Agro applied at 500 kg×ha-1 resulted in an increase of the sugar yield by 29.6% in comparison to the control. The humus content in the soil, soil pH and content of available P, K, Mg, B, Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe were also increased.W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań bezpośredniego wpływu Humacu Agro na plon, zawartość cukru w burakach cukrowych i wybrane właściwości gleby w warunkach klimatyczno-glebowych południowo-wschodniej Polski. Humac Agro zastosowano wczesną wiosną. W badaniach uwzględniono trzy warianty: obiekt kontrolny (V1), 250 kg×ha-1 Humac Agro (V2) i 500 kg×ha-1 Humac Agro (V3). Nawożenie azotem w dawce 60,3 kg×ha-1 stosowano na obiekcie V3, a 94,8 kg×ha-1 na obiekcie V1 i V2. Dawki nawozów PKS stosowano takie same dla wszystkich wariantów nawozowych. Największy plon buraków cukrowych (95,97 Mg×ha-1) uzyskano z wariantu V3. Humac Agro w dawce 500 kg×ha-1 wpłynął na zwiększenie plonu cukru o 29,6% w odniesieniu do obiektu kontrolnego. Zwiększyła się również zawartość próchnicy w glebie, pH gleby i zawartość przyswajalnych form P, K, Mg, B, Mn, Cu, Zn i Fe

A TRPA1-dependent mechanism for the pungent sensation of weak acids

Acetic acid produces an irritating sensation that can be attributed to activation of nociceptors within the trigeminal ganglion that innervate the nasal or oral cavities. These sensory neurons sense a diverse array of noxious agents in the environment, allowing animals to actively avoid tissue damage. Although receptor mechanisms have been identified for many noxious chemicals, the mechanisms by which animals detect weak acids, such as acetic acid, are less well understood. Weak acids are only partially dissociated at neutral pH and, as such, some can cross the cell membrane, acidifying the cell cytosol. The nociceptor ion channel TRPA1 is activated by CO2, through gating of the channel by intracellular protons, making it a candidate to more generally mediate sensory responses to weak acids. To test this possibility, we measured responses to weak acids from heterologously expressed TRPA1 channels and trigeminal neurons with patch clamp recording and Ca2+ microfluorometry. Our results show that heterologously expressed TRPA1 currents can be induced by a series of weak organic acids, including acetic, propionic, formic, and lactic acid, but not by strong acids. Notably, the degree of channel activation was predicted by the degree of intracellular acidification produced by each acid, suggesting that intracellular protons are the proximate stimulus that gates the channel. Responses to weak acids produced a Ca2+-independent inactivation that precluded further activation by weak acids or reactive chemicals, whereas preactivation by reactive electrophiles sensitized TRPA1 channels to weak acids. Importantly, responses of trigeminal neurons to weak acids were highly overrepresented in the subpopulation of TRPA1-expressing neurons and were severely reduced in neurons from TRPA1 knockout mice. We conclude that TRPA1 is a general sensor for weak acids that produce intracellular acidification and suggest that it functions within the pain pathway to mediate sensitivity to cellular acidosis

Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the coordinated mechanisms of Populus × canadensis ‘Neva’ leaves in response to cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal element has strong toxicity to living organisms. Excessive Cd accumulation directly affects the absorption of mineral elements, inhibits plant tissue development, and even induces mortality. Populus × canadensis ‘Neva’, the main afforestation variety planted widely in northern China, was a candidate variety for phytoremediation. However, the genes relieving Cd toxicity and increasing Cd tolerance of this species were still unclear. In this study, we employed transcriptome sequencing on two Cd?treated cuttings to identify the key genes involved in Cd stress responses of P. × canadensis ‘Neva’ l induced by 0 (CK), 10 (C10), and 20 (C20) mg/L Cd(NO3)2 4H2O. We discovered a total of 2,656 (1,488 up-regulated and 1,168 downregulated) and 2,816 DEGs (1,470 up-regulated and 1,346 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CK vs C10 and CK vs C20, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses in response to the Cd stress indicated that many DEGs identified were involved in the catalytic activity, the oxidoreductase activity, the transferase activity, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Based on the enrichment results, potential candidate genes were identified related to the calcium ion signal transduction, transcription factors, the antioxidant defense system, and transporters and showed divergent expression patterns under the Cd stress. We also validated the reliability of transcriptome data with the real-time PCR. Our findings deeper the understanding of the molecular responsive mechanisms of P. × canadensis ‘Neva’ lon Cd tolerance and further provide critical resources for phytoremediation applications

Ilościowe możliwości biologicznej redukcji azotu przez bakterie Rhizobium galegae współżyjące z rutwicą wschodnią

The field experiment (microplots) was carried out in 2005-2007 in the experimental site belonging to the University of Podlasie in Siedlce. Nitrogen 15N at 10.3 at. % enrichment was applied in a form of (15NH4)2S04 at the amount of 1.66g per 1 m2 in early spring. In parallel to goats rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) cultivation, also plant that did not show the ability of biological N2 reduction (spring barley (Hordeum sativum) was grown, and it was also fertilized with 15N in the form of (15NH4)2SC>4 at 10.3 at. % enrichment. The quantitative abilities of biological nitrogen reduction for Rhizobium galegae cultures living together by goat's rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) was determined by means of isotope dilution method. The abundance of at. % 15N was determined by spectroscopic method on the spectrophotometer NOI - 6E, then the amount of nitrogen transferred from the air due to biological N2 reduction process, was calculated. The yield of as a sum from three cuts of dry matter of tested plant in subseąuent study years was [kg o m-2]: 2005 - 1.092; 2006 - 0.831; 2007 - 0.509. The quantity of biologically reduced nitrogen reached up the mean value for three experimental years at the level of 28.863 g N o m2 but in each year as follows [g N o m-2]: 2005 - 37.603; 2006 - 26.080; 2007 - 22.906 during the whole vegetation period.Doświadczenie polowe mikropoletkowe przeprowadzono w latach 2005-2007 na polu należącym do Akademii Podlaskiej w Siedlcach. Azot 15N o wzbogaceniu 10,3 at. % stosowano w formie 15(NH4)2SO4 w ilości 1,66 g na 1 m2 wczesną wiosną. Równolegle z uprawą rutwicy wschodniej (Galega orientalis Lam.) uprawiano roślinę niemającą zdolności biologicznej redukcji N2 (jęczmień jary - Hordeum sativum), którą również nawożono 15N w formie 15(NH4)S04 o wzbogaceniu 10,3 at. %. Ilościowe możliwości biologicznej redukcji azotu przez kultury bakterii Rhizobiimt galegae współżyjące z rutwicą wschodnią (Galega orientalis Lam.) określono po zastosowaniu metody izotopowego rozcieńczenia. Na spektrofotometrze NOI - 6E oznaczono at. % 15N, a następnie obliczono ilość azotu pochodzącego z powietrza w wyniku biologicznej redukcji N2. Sumaryczny plon suchej masy rośliny testowej w kolejnych latach badań wynosił [kg o m-2]: 2005 - 1,092; 2006 - 0,831; 2007 - 0,509. Ilość biologicznie zredukowanego azotu osiągnęła średnią wartość z trzech lat badań na poziomie 28,863 g N o m-2, a w kolejnych latach kształtowała się następująco [g N o m-2]: 2005 - 37,603; 2006 - 26,080; 2007 - 22,906 w ciągu okresu wegetacyjnego