Variabilité morphologique et architecture de deux espèces de noyers : Juglans regia L., Juglans nigra L. et de deux noyers hybrides interspecifiques

Th-99-05Architectural analysis method has allowed us to describe the main morphological features and the development sequence Juglans regia, Juglans nigra and two of their interspecific hybrids. Statistical analysis of morphological data of annual shoots allowed us to quantify the growth and branching pattern at different stages of tree development. The variability of main architectural and morphological features has been characterised according to tree ontogeny, to genotype and to environmental factors. The value of growth and branching parameters of annual shoots vary according to the differentiation stages of tree. The architectural interspecific variations concern the branch orientation and the structure of axes whereas the developmental pattern of axes categories is not modified. The environmental factors modulate the expression of the architectural sequence of development of the tree.L'analyse architecturale et l'analyse statistique de la morphologie des pousses annuelles ont permis de caractériser les modes de croissance (préformation, néoformation et polycyclisme) et de ramification des Noyers au cours de leur développement. Les Noyers étudiés sont Juglans regia, Juglans nigra et de deux de leurs hybrides interspécifiques, Juglans major 209 x Juglans regia et Juglans nigra 23 x Juglans regia. Au cours du développement des Noyers, l'évolution des valeurs des paramètres de croissance et de ramification s'effectue de manière précise selon des gradients morphogénétiques connus. Les variations morphologiques interspécifiques reposent essentiellement sur la répartition des rameaux sur les pousses annuelles végétatives et sur la direction de croissance des branches sur le jeune arbre. Elles sont dues à la structure des modules et au moment d'expression de la réitération immédiate, processus déterminant l'édification de la cime, sur l'arbre adulte. Les facteurs du milieu modifient de manière quantitative les étapes de différenciation morphologiques spécifiques. La connaissance de critères morphologiques susceptibles d'être sous contrôle génétique est essentiel en amélioration et sélection des arbres. Les caractèristiques morphologiques des pousses annuelles évoluent de manière précise et ordonnée en fonction de la position architecturale et au cours de l'ontogènie des arbres. Ces résultats peuvent être la base d'une meilleur connaissance des bases physiologiques de l'architecture de l'arbre

Characterizing the balance between ontogeny and environmental constraints in forest tree development using growth phase duration distributions

ISBN 978-951-651-408-9International audienceWe built segmentation models to identify tree growth phases on the basis of retrospective measurement of annual shoot characteristics along the main stem. Growth phase duration distributions estimated within these models characterize the balance between ontogeny and environmental constraints in tree development at the population scale. These distributions have very contrasted characteristics in terms of shape and relative dispersion between ontogeny-driven and environment-driven tree development

Modelling the Guayule plant growth and development with a Functional Structural Plant Model

The Guayule (Parthenium argentatum, Asteraceae), is a small ramified tree native to the northern Mexico and southwestern United States. The guayule shows a growing interest in research and agriculture (Ray, 1993) due to its hypoallergenic latex properties (Taurines et al., 2019), and seems adapted to South France climate (Sfeir and al., 2014). However, the production itineraries in relation to latex production are still not assessed, and so far little studies were done on the plant structure and functioning. This study aims to propose a first FSPM of the species using the GreenLab model, calibrated from data issued from two varieties in different environmental conditions. The studying methodology is first based on a qualitative architectural analysis (Barthelemy and al., 2007). Second, on the various axis typologies, the development and branching stochastic rules can then be retrieved from field internode distributions collections. Finally, the organ source and sink relations parameters can be fitted from dedicated dry weight measurements (Kang et al., 2018). Experimental plots were hold south of France, close to Montpellier on two varieties CL1 and CLA1, with six environmental conditions related to density (9091 and 62500 plants per hectare) and hydric pressure (no stress, low stress and high stress). 50 plants per environmental conditions were measured. The sampling was optimized to the plant structure and to quantify the polyisoprene and resins contents. The guayule shows a sympodial development is composed of modules with terminal inflorescence. Its architecture corresponds to the Leeuwenberg's model (Hallé et al., 1978). The axes are constituted of successive modules. Over a year, the plant produces eight to nine successive modules. Studying the plant structure, we found out that the number of relay axis per module follows a binomial distribution. The modules are ordered from the plant base to the top. And these modules are composed of internodes whose number also follows a binomial law, which parameters are quite stable from one order to another. In the further modelling process, we thus did consider that the plant elementary unit was the module, called as a meta-phytomer. Under this assumption, we summarized the total dry weight of leaves and internodes per module to build the axis organic series (Buis and Barthou, 1984). Field measurements issued from these two series constituted then a target to be adjusted by the structural functional GreenLab model (Kang et al, 2018) in order to calibrate the organ source parameters. An initial analysis calculated the strength sink of leaves and internodes in a context of free growth and analysed the differences between the two varieties. We are currently applying the methodology to assess the impact on the parameters of development and growth, the effects of planting density and irrigation. This first modelling study hold on two varieties on the Guayule tree shows that the plant structure can be efficiently modelled using a simple module approach. The development parameters, defining the module number of phytomers and branching rules are nearly stable and close for both varieties under the various environmental conditions. First functioning parameters were also retrieved from the measurements. These parameters make it possible to obtain the first stochastic 3D simulations of the Guayule's growth and architecture for both varieties