Pricing behavior of firms when consumers have an Imperfect Recall

Operating in markets which include the characteristics of both the perfect and imperfect competitions has never been so easy for a firm, while setting an acceptable price. Various firms show various pricing behavior to generate and maximize revenues. This paper is an attempt to encompass pricing behaviors of firms when consumers have imperfect recall for the past prices of the products, while giving a thought to ponder that which of the behaviors has an optimal rationale when a firm sets market price for a commodity. The findings concludes that firms set prices as similar as monopolist when the consumers of their products have imperfect recall for price they offered already in yore.Imperfect recall, pricing behavior, monopolist, hotelling tradeoff

Are the Major South Asian Equity Markets Co-Integrated?

Seemingly unrelated variables are quite often having relations with each other and this peculiar relation has always won the intentional and unintentional attention of many scientists and researchers. This paper is an attempt to investigate and interrogate the co-movements or the relations among the seemingly unrelated stock markets of South Asian countries, which includes Karachi Stock Exchange (Pakistan), Bombay Stock Exchange (India), Dhaka Stock Exchange (Bangladesh) and Nepal Stock Exchange (Nepal). The daily co-movement of the four well-known Indices comprising of KSE-100, BSE Sensex, DSE Composite Index, and NSE Index is examined by using the Johansen co-integration analysis for the period of May-1995 to May-2011. We found the linkage of stock prices of Karachi Stock Exchange with the stock prices of Dhaka stock exchange, while KSE is not co-integrated with the rest of outlined equity markets in terms of stock price indices

Are the Major South Asian Equity Markets Co-Integrated?

Seemingly unrelated variables are quite often having relations with each other and this peculiar relation has always won the intentional and unintentional attention of many scientists and researchers. This paper is an attempt to investigate and interrogate the co-movements or the relations among the seemingly unrelated stock markets of South Asian countries, which includes Karachi Stock Exchange (Pakistan), Bombay Stock Exchange (India), Dhaka Stock Exchange (Bangladesh) and Nepal Stock Exchange (Nepal). The daily co-movement of the four well-known Indices comprising of KSE-100, BSE Sensex, DSE Composite Index, and NSE Index is examined by using the Johansen co-integration analysis for the period of May-1995 to May-2011. We found the linkage of stock prices of Karachi Stock Exchange with the stock prices of Dhaka stock exchange, while KSE is not co-integrated with the rest of outlined equity markets in terms of stock price indices

Impact of Inflation on Dividend Policy: Synchronization of Capital Gain and Interest Rate

The study evaluates the impact of consumer’s buying power regarded as overall CPI on the dividend policy of firms. Dividend yield is used as a proxy of dividend policy. There are two separate equations to explain the phenomenon. The predicted values of capital gain yield against inflation and other supporting variables were first estimated and these predicted values along with interest rate were then put to check the dependency of dividend policy. Its theoretical background is related to classical discussion among financial researchers about the inflation-hedging capabilities of stock investment in short to medium-run. Study is carried out on stocks listed at Karachi Stock Exchange to see the overall behavior of Pakistani Stock Market. Sample of KSE-30 index for six financial years from 2007 to 2011 for the study is used. Following the 2-stage least square regression, the empirical results of the study illustrate that capital gain is affected by inflation levels prevailing for the year and its relationship is of inverse in nature. The market is following the global trend in this perspective. On the other hand, dividend yield is also not independent with inflationary effect. Interest rate is found to be positively related with dividend yield. This behavior of interest rate in the market is astonishing. It may be deduced that in the context of Pakistan, moneary policy and business activities improve simultaneously

Impact of Inflation on Dividend Policy: Synchronization of Capital Gain and Interest Rate

The study evaluates the impact of consumer’s buying power regarded as overall CPI on the dividend policy of firms. Dividend yield is used as a proxy of dividend policy. There are two separate equations to explain the phenomenon. The predicted values of capital gain yield against inflation and other supporting variables were first estimated and these predicted values along with interest rate were then put to check the dependency of dividend policy. Its theoretical background is related to classical discussion among financial researchers about the inflation-hedging capabilities of stock investment in short to medium-run. Study is carried out on stocks listed at Karachi Stock Exchange to see the overall behavior of Pakistani Stock Market. Sample of KSE-30 index for six financial years from 2007 to 2011 for the study is used. Following the 2-stage least square regression, the empirical results of the study illustrate that capital gain is affected by inflation levels prevailing for the year and its relationship is of inverse in nature. The market is following the global trend in this perspective. On the other hand, dividend yield is also not independent with inflationary effect. Interest rate is found to be positively related with dividend yield. This behavior of interest rate in the market is astonishing. It may be deduced that in the context of Pakistan, moneary policy and business activities improve simultaneously

Characterization of sorghum germplasm for various morphological and fodder yield parameters

This study was performed to evaluate and characterize 24 sorghum accessions for various morphological and fodder yield parameters. The germplasm displayed considerable variability for leaf color, midrib color, panicle shape, days to 50% flowering, leaf area, flag leaf area, plant height and green fodder yield, while differences of smaller magnitude were observed for number of leaves and tillers plant-1. Genotype Fsd -sorghum was mature early with minimum days to maturity (63) while maximum plant height (232 cm) was observed for Acc.1692. Moreover, Acc.1827 exhibited maximum leaf area (447 cm2) and the highest green fodder yield at 50% maturity (58 t ha-1) was recorded for Acc. 1763. The results of this study indicate that significant genetic diversity exists among the sorghum accessions. The genetic potential of Fsd-sorghum, accessions 1692, 1827 and 1763 can be exploited in future sorghum breeding programs. Further, these genotypes are recommended for commercial cultivation to meet the fodder needs of the country.Keywords: Fodder, Sorghum bicolor, accession

Pricing behavior of firms when consumers have an Imperfect Recall

Operating in markets which include the characteristics of both the perfect and imperfect competitions has never been so easy for a firm, while setting an acceptable price. Various firms show various pricing behavior to generate and maximize revenues. This paper is an attempt to encompass pricing behaviors of firms when consumers have imperfect recall for the past prices of the products, while giving a thought to ponder that which of the behaviors has an optimal rationale when a firm sets market price for a commodity. The findings concludes that firms set prices as similar as monopolist when the consumers of their products have imperfect recall for price they offered already in yore

Genotypic variation for yield and morphological traits in

ABSTRACT Genetic variability is the main basis of improvement in crops. An experiment comprising fifteen old and new wheat varieties was planted in randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during crop season, 2003-2004. Data were recorded on yield and some other morphological traits. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out and means were separated using the least significance difference test. Correlation coefficients were also determined. Analysis of variance revealed that the varieties differed significantly for days to 50% heading, days to 50% anthesis, plant height and grain yield ha -1 . However, differences were non-significant for physiological maturity, biological yield and harvest index. Days to 50% anthesis showed significantly positive correlations with days to 50% heading, days to maturity and grain yield. Grain yield also exhibited significantly positive correlation with biological yield

Impact of Macroeconomic and social Factors on Economic Growth: Moderating role of Belt and Road Initiative

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate how the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) affects the relationship between macroeconomic and social factors (i.e., foreign direct investment (FDI), lending rate, inflation, personal remittances, and secondary school education) and gross domestic product (GDP). We have collected the data from the World Bank from 1990 to 2019 (n=870, countries=23). The study has used statistical techniques such as regression analysis and hierarchical regression. The study found that macroeconomic and social factors (i.e., foreign direct investment (FDI), lending rates, inflation rates, personal remittance, and Secondary School Education) affect GDP. We also found that BRI moderates the association between macroeconomic and social factors with GDP. We have collected the data from the countries that have become the BRI partners by 2016. Future studies may consider using the data that have joined BRI after 2016

A DFT study for physical properties and hydrogen storage capability of indium-based hydride perovskites XInH3 (X = Li, K) for hydrogen storage application

The physical properties and hydrogen storage capability of indium-based hydride perovskites XInH3 (X = Li, K) have been assessed in the present study. The HSE06 hybrid functional inside the CASTEP code based on DFT is used for the investigation of both materials. Both the compounds are found thermodynamically stable which is confirmed by the phonon dispersion curves. The negative values of the cohesive energy also show that both the materials are thermodynamically stable. Both the materials have zero band gap and possess metallic nature with the lattice constant values of 4.37 and 4.32 Å for LiInH3 and KInH3, respectively. The spin polarized band structure and density of states show that both the materials have antiferromagnetic nature. The optical properties show that both materials have a higher absorption and conductivity in the lower energy region. LiInH3 possesses higher values of static reflectivity and refractive index than KInH3. Both the materials are found mechanically stable, anisotropic, hard, and ductile in nature. The value of gravimetric ratio is found to be 2.42% and 1.92% for LiInH3 and KInH3, respectively. Both the materials can store sufficient hydrogen, however, LiInH3 is recommended as a preferred material for hydrogen storage application