Effect of Environment on Entrepreneurial Culture with mediating role of Opportunity Creation

The role of entrepreneurial culture in reducing socio-economic issues of a country is emphasized by policymakers and academics alike, but the effect of the environment to promote entrepreneurial culture is scarcely studied in literature. Furthermore, a focus on the mediating role of opportunities in developing such a culture is missing in entrepreneurship literature. The current study addresses this gap by examining the potential influence of environment on entrepreneurial culture with mediating role of opportunity creation. For this research, data was gathered through questionnaire from 200 micro level enterprises in Peshawar using random sampling. Then the Structural equation modeling (SEM), a statistical technique, was used for analyzing this data. The findings of this analysis reveal a positive effect of the environment on facilitating an entrepreneurial culture. Our findings additionally reveal that opportunity creation also serves as a significant driver in enhancing an entrepreneurial culture. In this vein, environment was found to also have a significant effect on opportunity creation. Finally, as per our findings opportunity creation fully mediates the relationship between environment and entrepreneurial culture. Therefore, this research holds that friendly business environment creates opportunities, which leads to the development of entrepreneurial culture in a society. The researchers also provided future directions and various limitations in this stud

ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP IN THE UNIVERSITY CONTEXT: REALITY OR MYTH? EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

The purpose of thi s paper is t o ex amine the phenomena ofentrepreneurial leadership in the context of Pakistani universities inan attempt to justify its role, value and applicability. In general,entrepreneurial leaders are vital to successful transformation oftraditional universities into entrepreneurial ones. A comparative casestudy approach was adopted whereby 30 semi-structured interviewswere conducted in six public and private universities. This studyreveals that entrepreneurial leadership (EL) works at the operationallevel of university hierarchy instead of a top down approach. A‘university push model’ is found more effective than a ‘governmentpull model’ whereby we propose a conceptual model indicatinge nt re pre ne uri al ori e nt at i on as pre re qui si te f or c re at i ngentrepreneurial culture for the development of EL. Challenges areaddressed to the implementation of EL in different sectors. Theresearch contributes to our knowledge of entrepreneurial leadership,especially in the Pakistani context, where little real effort has beenmade so fa

Understanding the Entrepreneurial Motivations and Barriers for Aspiring Entrepreneurs: a case of religious education institutions’ students in Pakistan

Unemployment is a global challenges and economists and scholar have recommended entrepreneurship as a solution to it. Motivations for, and barriers to, entrepreneurship play a major role in aspiring young graduates to becoming entrepreneurs.In this regard, numerous studies have focused on students’ intentions and perception to be entrepreneurs. However, there is little to no research available to understand the motivation and challenges of Pakistani religious education students to become entrepreneurs so far. Therefore, this study aims to identify the perceived entrepreneurial motivations and barriers among students of the religious education institutions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data for this study was collected through focus group interviews from twenty (20) final year students of religious studies, who expressed interest in starting their own businesses in the near future. The study identifies seven factors, namely the lack of employment opportunity, better earning, more autonomy (freedom or independence), more flexibility, family business background, better living standards, and fulfilling ones dreams, as motivators for religious scholars to take up entrepreneurship. It also identifies six major barriers, namely financial barriers, lack of business information, lack of government support, marketing challenges, rising competition, the English language, and lack of technological knowhow, that hinder entrepreneurship in this cohort. The present study contributes to the literature by exploring the motivators and barriers that affect business formation among students of religious education institutions.  Furthermore, it will help policy makers and academicians to ease the market access and present potential solutions to entrepreneurial challenges to bring these students into economic circle

Is organizational commitment-job satisfaction relationship necessary for organizational commitment-citizenship behavior relationships? A Meta-Analytical Necessary Condition Analysis

Meta-analyses on the relationships of organisational commitment (OC), job satisfaction (JS) and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) have been used to assess necessity of one another by evaluating their causality through the notion of sufficiency. This study applies necessity condition analysis (NCA) on r values collected from a systematic review of the relation- ship between OC, JS, and OCB and tests their relations under the notion of necessity. Two meta-analyses were performed on 140 error adjusted effects reported from 70 studies which fulfilled study’s selection and inclusion criteria. Meta-analytical results provided positive and significant OC–JS ( r¼0.546) and OC–OCB ( r¼0.374) relationships. NCA scatterplot, statistics, and bottleneck analysis confirmed the necessity of OC–JS relationship for medium and high level of the desired OC–OCB relation. This study fulfilled the literature gap on the mutual relationship of OC, JS, and OCB by focusing on the notion of necessity rather than the traditional employed notion of sufficiency through a novel method that is testing necessity hypotheses through meta-analyses. For researchers, this method provides a novel approach to analyse meta-analytical data, while enabling practitioners for identifying and focusing on necessary relation- ships rather than diverging their energies and resources on factors that partially affect the outcomes

The dynamics of leader technical competence, subordinate learning, and innovative work behaviors in high-tech, knowledge-based industry

This study tests a conceptual model for understanding the relationship between subordinates’ ‘learning work behaviour’ and ‘innovative work behaviour’, with the moderating role of their leaders’ self-reported as well as subordinates’ rated ‘leader technical competence’. The study was conducted in the context of a high-tech, knowledge-based telecommunications industry. Based on the evaluation of job description, leaders/managers with responsibilities of not only managing internal and external stakeholders but also capable to lead engineers to resolve any technical issue multiple-source data were collected from the identified leaders and their respective subordinates working with telecommunication operator (n¼179). This study proposed a three-way interaction moderation model between the independent variable (subordinate learning work behaviour) and the moderator variables (that is, the self-assessed leaders’ ‘technical competence’ and subordinates’ rated ‘leader’ technical competence’) to predict the subordinates’ ‘innovative work behaviour’. Our results demonstrate that that subordinate learning work behaviour had the strongest positive relationship with subordinate innovative work behaviour when both the leader self-assessment of technical competence and the subordinates rated leader’s technical competence were high. This study fills an important gap in leadership literature by focussing on the technical competence of leaders which has received little attention from leadership research in knowledge-based industries

How moral efficacy and moral attentiveness moderate the effect of abusive supervision on moral courage?

Moral courage is a competency exercised in the workplace as employees face ethical challenges with a moral response. Managers exert considerable effort to foster subordinates’ moral courage given its positive organisational consequences. However abusive supervision, not uncommon in the organisational context, negatively affects moral courage. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between abusive supervision and moral courage as well as to test the moderating roles of moral efficacy and moral attentiveness on that very relationship. Data were collected from six public hospitals in Pakistan. The sample included 359 nurses and 121 nurse heads. The moderating roles were tested using the moderated hierarchical regression analysis. Results revealed that there was a significant negative relationship between abusive supervision and moral courage. In addition, this very relation was weaker when both moral efficacy and moral attentiveness were higher than when they were lower. The study provided new insights into the influence that abusive supervision might have on nurses’ moral courage and it also offered a practical assistance to employees in the health care industry and their leaders that moral efficacy and moral attentiveness would act as neutralisers in mitigating the pernicious effect of abusive supervision on nurses’ moral courage

Does transformational leadership foster innovative work behavior? The roles of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement

This study examines how transformational leadership relates to employee’s innovative work behavior through intrinsic motivation, psychological empowerment, and creative process engagement. On the basis of an interactional approach, this study hypothesized that (a) there is an interaction between transformational leadership, intrinsic motivation, and psychological empowerment, such that transformational leadership has the strongest positive relationship with innovative work behavior when employees have high levels of intrinsic motivation and psychological empowerment; and (b) creative process engagement mediates the effect that this three-way interaction between transformational leadership, intrinsic motivation, and psychological empowerment has on innovative work behavior. In Study 1, we used a time-lagged research design, collecting multi-source data from 347 software engineers and their respective supervisors, working in IT companies in China. The results of Study 1 supported our hypotheses. In Study 2, we used a more temporally rigorous research design in which data were collected in three stages, with a six-month time interval separating Stages 1 and 2, and Stages 2 and 3. On the basis of the time- lagged and multi-source data from 393 software engineers and their respective supervisors, from IT companies in Pakistan, we found that Study 2 produced the same results as Study 1

Upgraded Deadlock Averting Algorithms in Distributed Systems

Distributed system deadlock is like ordinary deadlock but it is difficult to prevent or detect when it is traced down. In the distributed system all, the related information is distributed over many machines. However, deadlock in distributed systems is tremendously serious. Therefore, it is important to understand how this deadlock is different from the ordinary deadlock and how to prevent it. To prevent deadlock in the distributed system there are two techniques to prevent it one wound-wait and other is wait-die. Therefore, the problem in these algorithms are that they just attend to the timestamp of the process but not the priority of them but in the real operating system priority of the process is very important. In this paper, we present upgraded deadlock averting algorithms and these algorithms are deal with both priority and time stamp of processes

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

A comparative study of entrepreneurial leadership in public and private sector universities - case study evidence from Pakistan

This research examines the role of entrepreneurial leadership in the public and private sector universities of Pakistan. It was conducted with the aim of fulfilling specific gaps identified during the literature review such as dearth of literature on establishing entrepreneurial leadership in universities, elaborating on the contextual differences of public and private sectors affecting entrepreneurial leadership in universities, and to explore the perspectives of such concepts in an Eastern developing country. This was achieved by comparing universities of two contrasting sectors to highlight how their differences engender different outcomes as well as to reveal the different challenges and critical success factors for entrepreneurial leadership in two types of university organizations. A comparative case study design was adopted whereby six universities from both sectors were compared and contrasted. Semi-structured interviews with the heads of departments and their faculty were conducted for primary data collection while documents, archival records, and non-participant observation were used as secondary sources. Following the findings of Clark (1998, 2001) this study considers those universities to be entrepreneurial which cultivates and establishes links with different public and private agencies and successfully bringing in revenue generating projects from them through utilizing the knowledge and talents of their faculty members and thus actively pursuing the Third Task of universities an idea put forth by Etzkowitz (1983, 2003, 2004) and elaborated by Etzkowitz and Zhou (2007). This study contributes findings that are interesting and in some cases contrary to the literature.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo