Enhanced dynamic source routing for verifying trust in mobile ad hoc network for secure routing

Secure data transfer in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) against malicious attacks is of immense importance. In this paper, we propose a new enhanced trust model for securing the MANET using trust-based scheme that uses both blind trust and referential trust. In order to do this, the trust relationship function has to be integrated with the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol for making the protocol more secure. We thoroughly analyze the DSR protocol and generate the performance matrices for the data pertaining to packets sent, packets received, packets loss, and throughput. We also analyze the outcome attained from the improvised trust establishment scheme by using the three algorithm implementations in NS2 simulator for detecting and preventing various types of attacks

Human Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Impact of human capital on economic growth of selected Asian countries was examined, in the context of a visual search task. The main aim of this study is to find the empirical relationships among human capital and economic growth by using panel data technique for the period 1990-2012. In this study Government Expenditure on Health and gross school enrolment at secondary level used as a proxy variables for measuring human capital. The results of econometric estimation and panel least squares estimates indicated, a strong positive association of government expenditure on health and gross fixed capital formation with GDP. Another result of this study is that the gross school enrollment has positive but insignificant impact on gross domestic product. The study recommends that Government should escalate the enrollment of students in primary and secondary level, incentives to the people working abroad and should also facilitate the private sector to develop the labor force. Moreover, government should increase their expenditure on different areas of health sector such as for the development of infrastructure of health sector and provision of better health care facilities to the patients. Keywords: Human capital, Economic growth, Capital, Asian countries.

Human Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Impact of human capital on economic growth of selected Asian countries was examined, in the context of a visual search task. The main aim of this study is to find the empirical relationships among human capital and economic growth by using panel data technique for the period 1990-2012. In this study Government Expenditure on Health and gross school enrolment at secondary level used as a proxy variables for measuring human capital. The results of econometric estimation and panel least squares estimates indicated, a strong positive association of government expenditure on health and gross fixed capital formation with GDP. Another result of this study is that the gross school enrollment has positive but insignificant impact on gross domestic product. The study recommends that Government should escalate the enrollment of students in primary and secondary level, incentives to the people working abroad and should also facilitate the private sector to develop the labor force. Moreover, government should increase their expenditure on different areas of health sector such as for the development of infrastructure of health sector and provision of better health care facilities to the patients. Keywords: Human capital, Economic growth, Capital, Asian countries

Role of surgery in brain metastases

Abstract Brain metastases remain the commonest type of brain tumour, being four times more common than primary brain tumours. Although surgical intervention may be recommended for one of various reasons in the management of these tumours, including but not limited to conformation of diagnosis, relief of mass effect, improvement of neurological status and prolongation of survival, the guidelines for management of brain metastases remain largely subjective and therefore controversial. Herein the authors have attempted to review some of the existing evidence on role of surgery in the management of brain metastases and have presented their selected guidelines for the readers

Table Structure Extraction with Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit Networks

Tables present summarized and structured information to the reader, which makes table structure extraction an important part of document understanding applications. However, table structure identification is a hard problem not only because of the large variation in the table layouts and styles, but also owing to the variations in the page layouts and the noise contamination levels. A lot of research has been done to identify table structure, most of which is based on applying heuristics with the aid of optical character recognition (OCR) to hand pick layout features of the tables. These methods fail to generalize well because of the variations in the table layouts and the errors generated by OCR. In this paper, we have proposed a robust deep learning based approach to extract rows and columns from a detected table in document images with a high precision. In the proposed solution, the table images are first pre-processed and then fed to a bi-directional Recurrent Neural Network with Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) followed by a fully-connected layer with soft max activation. The network scans the images from top-to-bottom as well as left-to-right and classifies each input as either a row-separator or a column-separator. We have benchmarked our system on publicly available UNLV as well as ICDAR 2013 datasets on which it outperformed the state-of-the-art table structure extraction systems by a significant margin.Comment: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR) 2019, Sydney, Australi

Choice of therapeutic anti-seizure medication in patients with brain tumour

Seizures are common in patients with brain tumours, even though prophylactic anti-seizure treatment for all patients with brain tumours is not recommended. Newer anti-epileptic drugs have shown benefits that outweigh the side effects of treatment and can also be given in combination with traditional anti-epileptic drugs. The authors have reviewed the literature on the various combinations of anti-epileptics in patients with seizures and brain tumours

Frequency of cognitive impairment in patients with parkinson\u27s disease

Introduction More than its motor symptoms, cognitive impairment is being increasingly identified as a cause of worse functional outcome, morbidity and mortality, and caregiver dependence in Parkinson\u27s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to identify the frequency of cognitive decline and evaluate the factors associated with it. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 124 PD patients fulfilling the United Kingdom Parkinson\u27s Disease Society Brain Bank Clinical Diagnostic Criteria were included. Motor and non-motor symptoms were recorded. Disease duration, age at the time of onset, and severity of disease on Hoehn and Yahr Scale (HY scale) were recorded. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSSs v. 22.0. Results The ratio of men to women was 7.2:1. The mean age of the participants was 64 ± 10 years (range: 38-82 years). Rigidity (n = 121; 97.5%), bradykinesia (n = 119; 95.9%), and tremor (n = 11; 90.3%) were the three most common symptoms. Cognitive impairment was present in 45 (36.3%) patients. Cognitive decline was more frequent in patients of age less than 50 years at the time of disease onset (p \u3c 0.00001) and in those with disease duration more than 10 years (p = 0.00001). Patients with longer disease duration had more severe disease (stage III or above on HY scale; p = 0.008). Conclusion Motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor remain the most frequent clinical presentation among Pakistani Parkinson\u27s patients. One-third of these patients have cognitive dysfunction. Early age at the time of disease onset and longer duration of disease were associated with cognitive impairmen

Role of Code Switching as an Effectual Training for Communication for Quality of Education under SDG No 4

The communicative approaches, code switching, and code mixing are measured generally in terms of bilingualism to comprehend the contents and improve the communication. To enhance quality education in order to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in general and SDG#4 in particular has been an enormous issue. This study aims to explore the use of code-switching as an instrumental tool in English language classes at secondary school level. Qualitative case study research design was used to explore the issue in further detail. Data were collected using open-ended semi-structured interviews from seven students and seven teachers of secondary schools in Lahore. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data that emerged nine themes under three research questions. The study found that code-switching is an effective tool for comprehension, memorization, repetition, discussion, explanation, translation, and production of the contents as and when needed. It is implied that code-switching can be proved an effective communication tool at school level for quality education under SDG#4 and can bring about positive results. Surely, the findings cannot be generalized being of qualitative study, however, can be transferable/attributable to the public schools. The study concludes that if code-switching is incorporated in teaching methodology then quality education can be ensured and SDG#4 can be achieved. Based on findings, it is recommended that further exploration on SDG#4 and communicative approaches will help to achieve quality education