Solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide

The different techniques used for the determination of the solubility of compounds in supercritical carbon dioxide are described. A comparative study is made of the methods used in the measurement of the concentration of benzoic acid and caffeine in supercritical carbon dioxide. The difference in measurement techniques did not have much effect on the solubility data at lower pressures. However, at higher pressures, the solubility data obtained by different techniques began to deviate from each other. Further, the method used by different researchers in generating the solubility data in supercritical carbon dioxide is also discussed. A number of data sheets have been prepared from these articles containing important information like the solubility, pressure range, temperature range, error in measurement of solubility. and also a brief explanation of the measurement technique. These data sheets form part of an IUPAC-NIST solubility data series project

Effect of Planting Date and Other Management Inputs on Production of Wheat.

Intensive cereal management (ICM) can optimize the yield and performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.). Planting is often delayed beyond the optimum date along the Gulf Coast due to frequent precipitation. Field experiments were conducted at four locations in 1991 and two locations in 1992 to evaluate the effects of intensive management practices on performance of wheat planted at recommended and post-recommended dates. Seeding rates of 84 or 168 kg ha\sp{-1} and topdress N rates of 90 or 90 + 45 kg ha\sp{-1} were evaluated for an early and a late-maturing cultivar planted at a recommended date or 35 d later, with or without foliar fungicide application. Late planting resulted in significant yield loss even though more spikes m\sp{-2} were produced. Yield loss for the late-planted crop was due to lighter and fewer kernels spike\sp{-1}. Leaf area index (LAI) was unaffected by either planting date or seeding rate. Grain yield was not affected by seeding rate for the early-planted wheat. The seeding rate of 168 kg ha\sp{-1} gave higher leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici) and Septoria leaf (Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroeter) and glume (Leptosphaeria nodorum) blotch ratings, but increased grain yield when the crop was planted late by increasing spikes m\sp{-2}. Additional spring N significantly increased yield of the crop planted at a recommended date by increasing grains spike\sp{-1}, but did not increase the yield for the late-planted crop. Additional spring N also increased LAI and absorption of photosynthetically active radiation by the crop planted at both dates. \u27Traveler\u27 gave higher grain yield by producing heavier and more kernels spike\sp{-1}. \u27Terral-101\u27 produced higher LAI and spikes m\sp{-2}. Fungicide application increased the yield of resistant and susceptible cultivar equally, despite the fact that the susceptible cultivar developed about three-times the severity of leaf rust as the resistant cultivar in the absence of fungicide. Bacterial streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens (Jones, Johnson, and (Reddy) Dye) was not affected by fungicide application, N, and seeding rate, while Septoria leaf blotch was only affected by cultivar

Spatio-Temporal Deep Learning Approaches for Addressing Track Association Problem using Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data

In the realm of marine surveillance, track association constitutes a pivotal yet challenging task, involving the identification and tracking of unlabelled vessel trajectories. The need for accurate data association algorithms stems from the urge to spot unusual vessel movements or threat detection. These algorithms link sequential observations containing location and motion information to specific moving objects, helping to build their real-time trajectories. These threat detection algorithms will be useful when a vessel attempts to conceal its identity. The algorithm can then identify and track the specific vessel from its incoming signal. The data for this study is sourced from the Automatic Identification System, which serves as a communication medium between neighboring ships and the control center. While traditional methods have relied on sequential tracking and physics-based models, the emergence of deep learning has significantly transformed techniques typically used in trajectory prediction, clustering, and anomaly detection. This transformation is largely attributed to the deep learning algorithm’s capability to model complex nonlinear relationships while capturing both the spatial and temporal dynamics of ship movement. Capitalizing on this computational advantage, our study focuses on evaluating different deep learning architectures such as Multi Model Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), 1D Convolutional-LSTM, and Temporal-Graph Convolutional Neural Networks— in addressing the problem of track association. The performance of these proposed models are compared against different deep learning algorithms specialized in track association tasks using several real-life AIS datasets

Relationship Between Physical Activity and Burnout Among University Faculty in Pakistan

Burnout can lead towards challenge in social interaction and physical ailments. This study sought to determine the relationship of physical activity with faculty burnout. A total of 254 faculty members were surveyed from three public sector universities of southern Punjab region of Pakistan. Physical activity and burnout were assessed using IPAQ short version and OLBI, respectively. Findings indicated a significantly negative relationship of total score of physical activity with disengagement, exhaustion, and total burnout score. Physical activity level (low, medium, high) was significantly negatively correlated with total burnout score and subscale of exhaustion. The negative relationship remained evident between total physical activity and burnout after controlling for age, gender, experience, and academic qualification in partial correlation analysis. In addition, it was observed that burnout increased and physical activity decreased with increased age and job experience. These findings suggest that the interventions dealing with faculty burnout may consider physical exercise as a priority to prevent faculty burnout. More priority needs to be given to the faculty members with higher age and job experience

The Effect of Public Sector Development Expenditures and Investment on Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan

Abstract. It is an established fact that there is strong association between investment and economic growth of a country but no such direct consensus had been developed on the type of investment. i.e. what are the different sectors in which investment has led to long term impact and did contributed to the growth. The current study in this regard will focus on investigating the relationship of Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Private Investment with the growth. The study will use data from 1980-81 to 2015-16 in this regard and employ Johansen cointegration to investigate the long run relationship. It is found that with foreign direct investment, health expenditure and transport and communication expenditure has negative relationship in the long run. Where as private investment, education expenditure and expenditure on housing has positive relationship with growth. Based on these findings recommendations were totally investment centric with primary focus on reduction in taxes and other barriers to bring in more investment in long run. Beside taxation, recommendations were made on administrative balance both in tax system and public sectors which were made part of provincial domain after 18th amendment.Keywords. Public sector development programme, Foreign direct investment, Private investment.JEL. D92, O40, H51, H52

Grounded Ontology Methodology – Illustrating the Seed Ontology Creation

This paper is an extension of a paper that suggested Grounded Ontology (GO) as a new methodology of ontology engineering. It adds an example of application of first two stages of GO Methodology to create an initial (seed) ontology to a summarized discussion from another paper on Grounded Ontology (GO) Methodology. Its efficacy in deriving entities and their relationships directly from the data along with ontologization is illustrated through a step-by-step example. The GO Methodology proposes that ‘a domain ontology developed using text-coding technique contributes in conceptualizing and representing state-of-the-art as given by published research in a particular domain.’ The motivation behind GO Methodology is to make the state-of-the art available to the researchers of a particular domain and help them come to common understanding through an ontology. Ontology developer are given a leading role by the existing ontology engineering methods. This has led to a general observation regarding dominating influence of personal perspective of ontology developer and/or expert on the resultant ontology. However, if coding of data is done such that entities and their relationships are directly obtained from and are closely linked to the text of the published research, the resultant ontology stands a better chance of being unbiased. Therefore, a new methodology (Grounded Ontology - GO) was proposed for deriving an ontology directly from text of published research. Such and ontology will not only help in bringing forth the research already done by other but can also help in highlighting areas where new research efforts are needed

Incidence and Trends of Neural Tube Defects in Babies Delivered at Dera Ghazi Khan Tertiary Care Center

Objective:  A cross-section study was conducted to determine the incidence and trends of neural tube defects in babies delivered at a tertiary care center. And those babies who were delivered elsewhere and were brought to a tertiary care center for treatment. Material and Methods:  The Study was conducted at neurosurgery and pediatric surgery departments, Ghazi Khan Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Two thousand (n = 2000) women delivered their babies at a tertiary care hospital were enrolled, out of them 52 women who delivered babies with neural tube defects (NTDs) were further assessed. Women were interviewed and history of folic acid intake, previous baby with NTDs and family history were recorded. Tests of significance were applied to assess the significant results. Results:  Folic acid intake was occurred in n = 298 (14.9%) subjects. Association of folic acid on neural tube defects. Odds ratio showed that if a baby without intake of folic acid had 7.8 times at risk to suffer from a neural tube defect. The association was also significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion:  Neural tube defects are common in tertiary care centers its incidence was 2%. Increased incidence of NTDs was observed in babies who delivered by folic acid deficit mothers. Early childhood marriages in rural areas and cousin marriages are the main contributing factors. Keywords:  Neural tube defect, Anencephaly, Spina bifida, Hydrocephalus, Meningocele