PIN and APD analysis for optical CDMA based on the proposed Radio Over Fiber (RoF) approach

In this paper, we will focus on the photodetectors that is used in OCDMA-RoF system. Photodetector Intrinsic Negative (PIN) and Avalanche Photodetector (APD) are commonly known photodetectors use to convert optical signal to electrical signal received from fiber optic cable. Bit error rate (BER) execution is evaluated for this OCDMA-RoF framework. OCDMA-RoF framework is seen as a promising technique for enhancing spectral efficiency, reducing the number of hardware use and meanwhile immune to electromagnetic inference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). The photodetectors have taken a gander at through software simulation. It has been found that the APD in this framework is prevalent than the PIN for all reproduction results. The exhibitions are portrayed through the effect of fiber length (km) with Bit Error Rate (BER) performance, eye-diagram analysis of both photodetectors and furthermore investigated the relationship of total power (W) losses in this system with the BER performance and finally the analysis of noise detection signal

Outcomes of the Indonesian Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) in Patients with Hypertension During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Areas:A Preliminary Evaluation Study

Background: The Indonesian Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) is a government program that aims to improve the health outcomes of patients with chronic diseases, including hypertension. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the health outcomes of hypertension patients in rural areas who were enrolled in PROLANIS. Material/Methods: This study used data from 4 PROLANIS groups in East Java province. The data were collected from participants' 6-month evaluations at 3 time points: before the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019 (T0), during the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020 (T1), and in December 2020 (T2). Evaluated parameters were body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipid (LDL), high-density lipid (HDL), triglyceride (TG), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results: There were 91 patients included in the analyses. Compared to T0, BMI, blood pressure, eGFR, and TC had significantly deteriorated at T1, but LDL, HDL, and TG showed no marked changes. At T2, BMI, DBP, and TC were similar to T0. On the other hand, SBP and eGFR did not improve, while HDL significantly deteriorated. Stratified based on age, worsening of DBP, TC, and LDL at T1 and eGFR at T1 and T2 was only observed in those aged 60 years and older. Conclusions: This preliminary study showed that the health outcomes of hypertension patients in rural areas who were enrolled in PROLANIS were negatively impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the elderly being the most affected.</p

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the outcomes of Indonesian chronic disease management program

Background: The Indonesian Government launched chronic disease management program (PROLANIS) with the aim of improving clinical outcomes and preventing disease complications of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the overwhelmed healthcare system shifted resources away from non-communicable diseases in the attempt to mitigate it. Thus, the implementation of PROLANIS during the COVID-19 pandemic might not be as optimal as before the pandemic era, leading to worse clinical outcomes. This pilot study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PROLANIS in rural areas by analyzing the changes of metabolic control and renal function parameters.Methods: This study used data from three PROLANIS groups report in rural areas in East Java Province, Indonesia. Study population was PROLANIS participants who came for six-month-evaluation in December 2019 (T0), June 2020 (T1), and December 2020 (T2). Evaluated metabolic control parameters were body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipid, low-density lipid, and triglyceride (TG), whereas evaluated renal function parameters were blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urinary albumin. Independent t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analyses. p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Among 52 PROLANIS participants included in the analyses, four metabolic control parameters (BMI, blood pressure, TC, and TG) and all renal function parameters significantly worsened right after the pandemic started but improved 6 months afterwards. Meanwhile, HbA1C continuously worsened throughout the study period, albeit statistically insignificant.Conclusions: The metabolic control and renal function parameters in our study population deteriorates especially in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic

Miniaturized 38ghz circular substrate integrated waveguide band pass filter using low temperature co-fired ceramic technology

This study presents design approach for realizing miniaturized Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Band Pass Filter (BPF) using Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology at TMRND’s LTCC Lab. Design method for the SIW BPF is based on the circular cavity structure with four pole Chebyshev and operating at center frequency of 38 GHz. This SIW BPF is an important part of the Remote Antenna Unit (RAU) transceiver for the Radio over Fiber (RoF) system. Two types of circular SIW BPF have been designed and investigated in term of performance and structure size which are planar SIW BPF and compact SIW BPF. Both SIW BPF were developed using LTCC Ferro A6M materials with dielectric constant of 5.8, loss tangent of 0.002 and metallization of gold. The insertion loss for planar SIW BPF and compact SIW BPF were measured at 6.2 dB and 6.3 dB, respectively. The passband return losses for both types of the SIW BPF were measured at more than 10 dB. The size of the compact SIW BPF is 6.94×6.94 mm2 meanwhile size for planar SIW BPF is 12.15×4.145 mm2. The size of the compact SIW BPF is reduced to nearly 10% compared to a planar SIW BPF structure

The Effect of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility on Tax Avoidance in Manufacturing Companies Listed on the IDX

This study was conducted with the aim of: (1) examine the effect of the proportion of independent commissioners on tax avoidance; (2) examine the effect of audit quality on tax avoidance; (3) examine the effect of institutional ownership on tax avoidance; (4) examine the effect of managerial ownership on tax avoidance; (5) examine the effect of CSR disclosure on tax avoidance. The type of data used in this study is secondary data taken from manufacturing company reports from 2015-2018. The data is obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange which can be accessed on the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (www.idx.co.id) as well as the company website of the related company. The data collection technique used is the documentation method. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that: (1) ownership of the proportion of independent commissioners has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance; (2) audit quality has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance; (3) institutional ownership has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance; (4) managerial ownership has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance; (5) CSR has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance

High-dose vs low-dose steroid in pregnancy patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) in pregnancy has been improving in recent decades. However, SLE can still lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes if not appropriately treated. Optimal dose of steroids, as one of the most commonly used for the treatment of SLE and LN in pregnancy is still a subject of debate. In this review, we determine the pregnancy outcomes in SLE and LN patients treated with low vs high doses of steroids. Methods: ProQuest, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science were carefully searched for relevant studies published in English. A total of 2,596 studies were reviewed. We extracted the data from previous studies showing the use of steroids treatment in high-dose and low-dose related to pregnancy outcomes. We provide larger data about maternal (preterm rupture of membrane, fetal loss, pre-eclampsia, and flare up) and fetal outcomes (prematurity, small gestational age, low birth weight) receiving high vs low steroid in patients with SLE and LN in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: A total of 13 studies were included. Of these, one study discussed a group with LN and 12 other studies discussed SLE with related maternal and fetal outcomes. Maternal outcome in the group with low-dose steroid showed a lower risk of fetal loss (odds ratio (OR): 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-3.70), but there were no differences in other maternal outcomes. The low-dose steroid group showed a better fetal outcome, with a lower risk of prematurity (OR: 3.06; 95% CI 1.98-4.71), small gestational age (OR: 2.63; 95% CI 1.15-6.00), and low birth weight (OR: 2.43; 95% CI 1.23-4.79). Conclusions: In pregnant patients with SLE or LN, high-dose steroids are associated with the high risk of fetal loss during pregnancy, preterm birth, small gestational age, and low birth weight