1,394 research outputs found
A State\u27s Power to Enter into a Consent Decree That Violates State Law Provisions: What Findings of a Federal Violation Are Sufficient to Justify a Consent Decree That Trumps State Law?
In the last forty years federal courts have played a prominent role in reshaping our public institutions. And while some scholars question the efficacy of these structural injuctions, the authority of federal courts to order such relief is generally unquestioned. What is open to debate, however, is whether state officials can agree to a remedy they would not have had the authority to order themselves; and if so, to what extent must an underlying constitutional violation be proved so as to justify the remedy?
This article discusses the competing theories and concludes that a remedy that violates state law may not be based on consent alone, but rather must be based on a violation of federal law. However, if a violation of federal law means a formal federal court determination on the merits, then in essence the state attorney general has no power to settle. Instead, this article proposes a preliminary injuction standard for determining whether there has been a sufficient finding of a violation of federal law to justify upholding a consent decree that trumps state law
SR90, strontium shaped-charge critical ionization velocity experiment
In May 1986 an experiment was performed to test Alfven's critical ionization velocity (CIV) effect in free space, using the first high explosive shaped charge with a conical liner of strontium metal. The release, made at 540 km altitude at dawn twilight, was aimed at 48 deg to B. The background electron density was 1.5 x 10(exp 4) cu cm. A faint field-aligned Sr(+) ion streak with tip velocity of 2.6 km/s was observed from two optical sites. Using two calibration methods, it was calculated that between 4.5 x 10(exp 20) and 2 x 10(exp 21) ions were visible. An ionization time constant of 1920 s was calculated for Sr from the solar UV spectrum and ionization cross section which combined with a computer simulation of the injection predicts 1.7 x 10(exp 21) solar UV ions in the low-velocity part of the ion streak. Thus all the observed ions are from solar UV ionization of the slow (less than critical) velocity portion of the neutral jet. The observed neutral Sr velocity distribution and computer simulations indicate that 2 x 10(exp 21) solar UV ions would have been created from the fast (greater than critical) part of the jet. They would have been more diffuse, and were not observed. Using this fact it was estimated that any CIV ions created were less than 10(exp 21). It was concluded that future Sr CIV free space experiments should be conducted below the UV shadow height and in much larger background plasma density
Explanation for Anomalous Shock Temperatures Measured by Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy
Neutron resonance spectrometry (NRS) has been used to measure the temperature
inside Mo samples during shock loading. The temperatures obtained were
significantly higher than predicted assuming ideal hydrodynamic loading. The
effect of plastic flow and non-ideal projectile behavior were assessed. Plastic
flow was calculated self-consistently with the shock jump conditions: this is
necessary for a rigorous estimate of the locus of shock states accessible.
Plastic flow was estimated to contribute a temperature rise of 53K compared
with hydrodynamic flow. Simulations were performed of the operation of the
explosively-driven projectile system used to induce the shock in the Mo sample.
The simulations predicted that the projectile was significantly curved on
impact, and still accelerating. The resulting spatial variations in load,
including radial components of velocity, were predicted to increase the
apparent temperature that would be deduced from the width of the neutron
resonance by 160K. These corrections are sufficient to reconcile the apparent
temperatures deduced using NRS with the accepted properties of Mo, in
particular its equation of state.Comment: near-final version, waiting for final consent from an autho
Glassy behaviour in an exactly solved spin system with a ferromagnetic transition
We show that applying simple dynamical rules to Baxter's eight-vertex model
leads to a system which resembles a glass-forming liquid. There are analogies
with liquid, supercooled liquid, glassy and crystalline states. The disordered
phases exhibit strong dynamical heterogeneity at low temperatures, which may be
described in terms of an emergent mobility field. Their dynamics are
well-described by a simple model with trivial thermodynamics, but an emergent
kinetic constraint. We show that the (second order) thermodynamic transition to
the ordered phase may be interpreted in terms of confinement of the excitations
in the mobility field. We also describe the aging of disordered states towards
the ordered phase, in terms of simple rate equations.Comment: 11 page
Double-Rashba materials for nanocrystals with bright ground-state excitons
While nanoscale semiconductor crystallites provide versatile fluorescent
materials for light-emitting devices, such nanocrystals suffer from the "dark
exciton"\unicode{x2014}an optically inactive electronic state into which the
nanocrystal relaxes before emitting. Recently, a theoretical mechanism was
discovered that can potentially defeat the dark exciton. The Rashba effect can
invert the order of the lowest-lying levels, creating a bright excitonic ground
state. To identify materials that exhibit this behavior, here we perform an
extensive high-throughput computational search of two large open-source
materials databases. Based on a detailed understanding of the Rashba mechanism,
we define proxy criteria and screen over 500,000 solids, generating 173
potential "bright-exciton" materials. We then refine this list with
higher-level first-principles calculations to obtain 28 candidates. To confirm
the potential of these compounds, we select five and develop detailed
effective-mass models to determine the nature of their lowest-energy excitonic
state. We find that four of the five solids (BiTeCl, BiTeI, GaTe, and
KIO) can yield bright ground-state excitons. Our approach thus reveals
promising materials for future experimental investigation of bright-exciton
nanocrystals.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression in adipocytes: A new component in fat metabolism
AbstractMicrosomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is a carrier of triglyceride essential for the assembly of apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins by the liver and the small intestine. Its role in triglyceride transfer in tissues that do not secrete lipoproteins has not been explored. In particular, MTP would seem to be a candidate for a role in triglyceride metabolism within the adipocyte. To test this hypothesis, we probed adipocytes for the presence of MTP. Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies demonstrate MTP in adipocytes from brown and white fat depots of mice and human, as well as in 3T3-L1 cells. Confocal microscopy revealed MTP throughout 3T3 cells; however, MTP fluorescence was prominent in juxtanuclear areas. In differentiated 3T3 cells MTP fluorescence was very striking around lipid droplets. In vitro lipid transfer assays demonstrated the presence of triglyceride transfer activity within microsomal fractions isolated from rat adipose tissue. In addition, quantitative rtPCR studies showed that MTP expression in mouse white fat depots was approximately 1% of MTP expression in mouse liver. MTP mRNA in differentiated 3T3 cells was approximately 13% of liver expression. Our results provide unequivocal evidence for the presence of MTP in adipocytes and present new possibilities for defining the mechanisms by which triglyceride is stored and/or hydrolyzed and mobilized
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