37 research outputs found

    Synthesis and characterization of novel 1,2-oxazine-based small molecules that targets acetylcholinesterase

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    Thirteen 2-oxazine-based small molecules were synthesized targeting 5-lipoxygenase (LOX), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The test revealed that the newly synthesized compounds had potent inhibition towards both 5-LOX and AChE in lower micro molar concentration. Among the tested compounds, the most active compound, 2-(2-acetyl-6,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxazin-3- yl)methyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (2a) showed inhibitory activity towards 5-LOX and AChE with an IC50 values of 1.88, and 2.5 μM, respectively. Further, the in silico molecular docking studies revealed that the compound 2a bound to the catalytic domain of AChE strongly with a highest CDOCKER score of -1.18 kcal/mol when compared to other compounds of the same series. Additionally, 2a showed a good lipophilicity (log P = 2.66), suggesting a potential ability to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier. These initial pharmacological data revealed that the compound 2a could serve as a drug-seed in developing anti-Alzheimer's agents. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    ANALYSIS OF LAND USE, DIVERSITY, BIOMASS, C AND NUTRIENT STORAGE OF A DRY TROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM OF INDIA USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES

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    Tropical forests are recognised as rich, diverse and highly productive ecosystems of the world. More than half of the global annual NPP occurs in the tropics. In India, the tropical forests covers about 75%. The present study was carried out to characterize the land use, vegetation structure, diversity, biomass production, C and nutrient storage of a dry tropical forest ecosystem in Barnawpara Sanctuary, Raipur district of Chhattisgarh through satellite remote sensing techniques and GIS. Results revealed that density of different forest types varied from 324 to 733 trees ha-1, basal area from 8.13 to 28.87 m2 ha-1 and number of species from 9 to 26. Similarly, the diversity ranged from 1.36 to 2.98, concentration of dominance from 0.07 to 0.49, species richness from 3.88 to 6.86 and beta diversity from 1.29 to 2.21. Sal mixed forest type recorded highest basal area and diversity was highest in Dense mixed forest, while Teak forest recorded maximum density. It was poor in Degraded mixed forests. Results revealed that the highest biomass was found in Dense mixed forest (321464.28 Mg), while net production was highest in Teak forests. Both were lowest in Degraded mixed forests (42996.08 Mg) in different forest types. The total storage of nutrients in vegetation (OS+US+GS) varied from 105.1 to 560.69 kg ha-1 in N, 4.09 kg ha-1 to 49.59 kg ha-1 in P, 24.59 kg ha-1 to 255.58 kg ha-1for K and 7310 to 4836 kg ha-1 for C in different forest types. They were highest in Dense mixed forest and lowest in Degraded mixed forest.The study also showed that NDVI and carbon storage was strongly correlated to Shannon Index and species richness thus it indicates that the diversity of forest type play a vital role in carbon accumulation. The study also developed reliable regression model for the estimation of LAI, biomass, NPP, C & N storage in dry tropical forests by using NDVI and different vegetation indices, which can be derived from fine resolution satellite data.Both quantitative and qualitative information derived in the study helped in evolving key strategies for maintaining existing C pools and also improving the C sequestration in different forest types. The study explores the scope and potential of dry tropical forests of Chhattisgarh for improving C sequestration and mitigating the global warming and climatic change

    Enraizamento de corticeira-da-serra em função do tipo de estaca e variações sazonais

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    Erythrina falcata Benth. may be used as an ornamental plant, in rehabilitation of degraded land and as a component in agroforestry systems. However seedling production from seeds is difficult. The aim of this work was to evaluate vegetative propagation of E. falcata by using stem cuttings obtained from adult trees (softwood cuttings, hardwood cuttings and regrowth cuttings) and cuttings from seedlings collected in the four seasons of the year as well as the effect of indolebutyric acid on rooting of stem cuttings. After cutting preparation, the material was treated with an indolebutyric acid solution (IBA, 0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1). Cuttings were grown in 55-mL tapered plastic containers in a greenhouse at 25 to 30°C and relative humidity above 80%. The substrate for growing of cuttings was middle texture vermiculite. The highest percentage of rooted cuttings (73%) and root length of four longest roots (46 mm) and root number (6.2) were obtained in seedling cuttings collected in the summer. No rooting was observed in cuttings collected from softwood cuttings raised from adult trees. Cutting immersion in IBA solutions had no effect on rooting. Cuttings from seedlings collected in the summer are recommended because of their high percentage of rooting and survival

    The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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    BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

    Assessing the C stocks in various land use practices: A case study from sub-humid tropics of Eastern India

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    Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) has arisen as a key issue in the international climate change negotiations.  The efforts have already initiated in many developing countries including India as a global partner in mitigating the climate change through afforestation/reforestation programmes. Under Green India Mission and National Afforestation programme, India has targeted to increase the tree cover by 10 Mha in different land use systems between 2010 and 2020. There is huge knowledge gap on impact of land use practices on C sequestration potential. This paper compares C stocks in three land use systems viz. forest, plantation and agriculture under sub-humid tropics of eastern India. Results revealed that the amount of total carbon stock was comparatively higher in forest followed by plantation and Agroforestry system. The total C stock was lowest in the agriculture land. The difference in carbon stock across land use types are the primary consequences of variation in the vegetation biomass and the soil organic matter. Most of the soil organic C and the fine root carbon was concentrated in the upper 30 cm soil depth and decreased with soil depth. The study indicates that a relatively large amount of carbon lost due to conversion of forest in to agriculture land in the past. Therefore, conservation and sustainable management of forests are recommended to improve C stocks. Similarly, Agroforestry land management practises are suggested in degraded agricultural lands for enhancing the carbon sequestration.  

    Variation in biomass and C stocks in five promising Populus deltoides clones under an agroforestry system

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    Deforestation and faulty land use practices in tropical regions contribute to the largest flux of CO2 to the atmosphere. Therefore, land use systems those sequester large quantities of C are promoted in a big way under CDM and REDD+ programmes. Agroforetry practices undoubtedly have strong potential for C sequestration and sustainable agriculture production. Poplar (Populus deltoides) has been recognised as a potential tree species, encouraged in agroforestry plantations in India. A large amount of variability exists in poplar clones in respect of adoptability, growth and biomass production. In this context, a study has been conducted to see the variation in biomass and C stocks under five promising clones of P. deltoides viz., G3, G48, 65/27, D121 and S7C1 grown under an agrisilviculture system. Monoclonal blocks were planted at 4 x 4 m in a randomised block design with three replications. Total biomass varied from 48.5 to 62.2 Mg ha-1 and C stocks from 24.2 to 31.1 Mg ha-1 in 6-year-old clones. Total C stock in clones was in the order: 65/27 > D121 > G48 > G3 > S7C1. Stem wood accounted 60.4-68.9% to total C storage followed by coarse roots (12.2-18.9%), branches (12.3-15%), leaves (3.02-6.9%) and fine roots (1.5-2.7%). Root-shoot ratio ranged from 0.20 to 0.35. It was the highest in clone G48 and lowest in clone S7C1. The C accretion in poplar clones between 4 to 6 years ranged from 7.38 to 9.43 Mg ha-1 yr-1. The study suggests that the two clones 65/27 and D121 are suitable for biomass production and C sequestration in Chhattisgarh plains.

    Carbon stock dynamics in a disturbed tropical forest ecosystem of Central India: Strategies for achieving carbon neutrality

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    Anthropogenic land use changes in the vicinity of forest catchments are explicitly responsible for the deforestation and degradation of tropical forest thereby altering the carbon (C) balance under rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Thus, strategic mitigation measures are required to achieve climate neutrality by 2030. It becomes imperative to understand the impact of land cover conversion on the functioning of tropical forests and to determine the carbon dynamics. The present study examined the land cover changes (LUC) in dry tropical ecosystem of Central India during the last two decades and assessed its influence on the forest biomass, litter crop, and C stocks. Geospatial techniques coupled with ground measurements were employed in the study. The total biomass, vegetative C stocks and soil C were estimated as 64 to 338.3 Mg ha−1, 26.4 to 131.1 Mg C/ha and 24.6 to 50.2 Mg C/ha respectively. In the past decades (2000–2020), about 1851.8 ha of forest constituting 15.1% of the total area under study was lost (mainly to Agriculture) under open mixed forest, moderately mixed forest and mixed teak forest. The study demonstrated that forests of the studied region behave as a potential C source, which accounted for a net loss of 59 gigagram carbon (Gg C) equivalent to 216 Gg CO2eq. Besides, discussed three viable scenarios of restoration to offset C emissions and to achieve C neutral landscape by 2030. The conservation and restoration of 26–85% degraded forests (open mixed forest and moderately mixed dense forests), use of agroforestry on 1/5th of existing agricultural lands, or implementation of regenerative agricultural practices in 30% of the area will compensate for net losses, while attaining C neutrality. Further, the finding of this study helps to understand the climatic extremes as per the commitments of Paris Agreement, 2015 and Glasgow Pact, 2021

    Neutralization of Haemorrhagic Activity of Viper Venoms by 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-Oxo-1,3-Dihydroisobenzofuran-5-Carbonitrile

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    Viper envenomation undeniably induces brutal local manifestations such as haemorrhage, oedema and necrosis involving massive degradation of extracellular matrix at the bitten region and many a times results in dangerous systemic haemorrhage including pulmonary shock. Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are being considered to be the primary culprits for the venom-induced haemorrhage. As a consequence, the venom researchers and medical practitioners are in deliberate quest of SVMP inhibitors. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile (DFD) on viper venom-induced haemorrhagic and PLA2 activities. DFD effectively neutralized the haemorrhagic activity of the medically important viper venoms such as Echis carinatus, Echis ocelatus, Echis carinatus sochureki, Echis carinatus leakeyi and Crotalus atrox in a dose-dependent manner. The histological examinations revealed that the compound DFD effectively neutralizes the basement membrane degradation, and accumulation of inflammatory leucocytes at the site of Echis carinatus venom injection further confirms the inhibition of haemorrhagic activity. In addition, DFD dose dependently inhibited the PLA2 activities of Crotalus atrox and E. c. leakeyi venoms. According to the docking studies, DFD binds to hydrophobic pocket of SVMP with the ki of 19.26 × 10−9 (kcal/mol) without chelating Zn2+ in the active site. It is concluded that the clinically approved inhibitors of haemorrhagins could be used as a potent first-aid agent in snakebite management. Furthermore, a high degree of structural and functional homology between SVMPs and their relatives, the MMPs, suggests that DFD analogues may find immense value in the regulation of multifactorial pathological conditions like inflammation, cancer and wound healing
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