Nitric oxide-an endogenous inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in isolated human gastric glands

BACKGROUND: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has previously been detected in the glandular part of the human gastric mucosa. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to influence gastric secretion in various animal models. The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of exogenously and endogenously derived NO on histamine- and cAMP-stimulated gastric acid secretion in isolated human oxyntic glands. METHODS: Oxyntic glands were isolated from human gastric biopsies and were subsequently pre-treated with NO donors and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and then exposed to histamine or dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP). The secretory response of the glands was determined as accumulation of [(14)C]aminopyrine. RESULTS: The histamine- or db-cAMP-induced acid secretion was attenuated by L-arginine, a known source of endogenous NO, and also by the NO-donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP). Pre-treatment with either of the NOS inhibitors N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) enhanced the secretory response. CONCLUSION: Our results show that NO inhibits gastric acid secretion in isolated human gastric glands, and that there is endogenous formation of NO within the glandular epithelium in the vicinity of the parietal cells

The Organization of Non-Profit Activities

This paper is concerned with the different forms of organizations which emerge in a capitalist market society. A theory is presented which primarily aims to describe and explain the repertoire of organizational forms which occur in such economies. In this paper, there is an emphasis on the theoretical forms which are particularly important for the analysis and understanding of the ideell sector, a Swedish term roughly corresponding to the 'non-profit sector' (the preferred terminology in the United States), and as the 'voluntary' sector (a preferred name in United Kingdom). This analysis is addressed to scholars who are interested in the theoretical aspects of organizing, and consequently have certain insights into institutional economics, socio-economics, and organization theory. Particularly, it is aimed at actors engaged in exploring the ideell sector. There is very little information about how these ideell (non-profit; voluntary) organizations "work", that is to say how they are managed, organized and how they reproduce themselves. This article represents an attempt to correct this deficiency to some extent, in the form of a theoretical framework developed in this area by the author over the past decade (Sjöstrand, e.g. 1985, 1992, 1993c, and 1997). This theory primarily aims to describe and explain the repertoire of organizations, which emerge in a society and it permits comparative analyses of the characteristics of these various organizational forms. At the same time, this theory is intended to provide a basis for describing the action rationalities of different organizations.Non-profit sector; organization; organizational form; multirationality; interaction rationale

Organisationsmythen

Der Autor arbeitet die Originalität der Publikation heraus, die aus der langen Reihe praxisnaher organisationspsychologischer und -soziologischer Literatur herausragt. Er setzt das Werk darüber hinaus in den Kontext der Chicagoer Schule um Simon/March und Rowan/Meyer, die für sich beansprucht das wirkliche Geschehen hinter den Rationalitätsvorstellungen der Akteure zu erfassen

Fiskbestånd och miljö i hav och sötvatten : Resurs- och miljööversikt 2012

Detta är den nionde utgåvan av den samlade översikten över fisk- och kräftdjursbeståndens status i våra vatten. Kunskap om fiskbestånden och miljön är en förutsättning för att utnyttjandet av fiskresurserna skall bli bärkraftigt. För svenska vattenområden beskrivs miljöutvecklingen i ett ekosystemsperspektiv, dels för att tydliggöra fiskens ekologiska roll och beskriva yttre miljöfaktorer som påverkar fiskbestånden, dels för att belysa fiskets effekter på miljön. Fiskbestånd och miljö i hav och sötvatten är utarbetad av Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Institutionen för akvatiska resurser (SLU Aqua), på uppdrag av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten. Rapporten sammanfattar utveckling och beståndsstatus för de kommersiellt viktigaste fisk- och kräftdjursarterna i våra vatten. Bedömningar och förvaltningsråd är baserade på Internationella Havsforskningsrådets (ICES) rådgivning, SLU Aquas nationella och regionala provfiskedata, samt yrkesfiskets rapportering