The dual Meissner effect in SU(2) Landau gauge

The dual Meissner effect is observed without monopoles in quenched SU(2) QCD with Landau gauge-fixing. Abelian as well as non-Abelian electric fields are squeezed. Magnetic displacement currents which are time-dependent Abelian magnetic fields play a role of solenoidal currents squeezing Abelian electric fields. Monopoles are not always necessary to the dual Meissner effect. The squeezing of the electric flux means the dual London equation and the massiveness of the Abelian electric fields as an asymptotic field. The mass generation of the Abelian electric fields is related to a gluon condensate $\neq 0$ of mass dimension 2.Comment: 10 page, 12 Postscript figures, Talk presented at Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum VI 2004, Sardinia, 21-25 Sep 200

Finite-size-scaling analysis of the XY universality class between two and three dimensions: An application of Novotny's transfer-matrix method

Based on Novotny's transfer-matrix method, we simulated the (stacked) triangular Ising antiferromagnet embedded in the space with the dimensions variable in the range 2 \le d \le 3. Our aim is to investigate the criticality of the XY universality class for 2 \le d \le 3. For that purpose, we employed an extended version of the finite-size-scaling analysis developed by Novotny, who utilized this scheme to survey the Ising criticality (ferromagnet) for 1 \le d \le 3. Diagonalizing the transfer matrix for the system sizes N up to N=17, we calculated the $d$-dependent correlation-length critical exponent \nu(d). Our simulation result \nu(d) appears to interpolate smoothly the known two limiting cases, namely, the KT and d=3 XY universality classes, and the intermediate behavior bears close resemblance to that of the analytical formula via the 1/N-expansion technique. Methodological details including the modifications specific to the present model are reported

The Dual Meissner Effect and Magnetic Displacement Currents

The dual Meissner effect is observed without monopoles in quenched $SU (2)$ QCD with Landau gauge-fixing. Magnetic displacement currents which are time-dependent Abelian magnetic fields play a role of solenoidal currents squeezing Abelian electric fields. Monopoles are not always necessary to the dual Meissner effect. The squeezing of the electric flux means the dual London equation and the massiveness of the Abelian electric fields as an asymptotic field. The mass generation of the Abelian electric fields is related to a gluon condensate $\neq 0$ of mass dimension 2.Comment: 4 pages, 5 Postscript figures, title modified, some references added, minor changes made ; Accepted for publication in Phys.Rev.Let

A sequencing protocol of some DNA regions in nuclear, chloroplastic and mitochondrial genomes with an individual colony of Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve (Bacillariophyceae)

From cultured cells of micro algal species of Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve, total DNA was extracted with a buffer containing a chelating agent, Chelex 100. Each DNA fragment for 18s rDNA, 16s rDNA and coxI in nuclear, chloroplastic and mitochondrial genomes, respectively, were amplified from the DNA extracts by polymerase chain reactions, and their sequences were determined. This protocol for determining DNA sequences, was scaled down for the DNA extracts from small amounts of cells. Finally, DNA sequences in genomes were determined with 10 cells collected by a micromanipulation technique. The quantity of cells corresponded to an individual colony of this species. With this protocol, DNA sequences in various regions in genomes of each individual micro algal species living in natural environments can be determined directly, without isolation of strains and cultures

Does the change of educational strategy for chest compression based on the change of guidelines affect on the quality of prehospital chest compression?

Background and Aims. International guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) changed their strategy with respect to the rate of chest compression (CC) and ventilation from 15:2 to 30:2. The object of this study was to clarify the effect of this change on the quality of CPR. Subjects and Methods. We recorded the frequency of CC and ventilation performed by Emergency Life Support Technicians (ELSTs) during CPR in ambulances, and compared the period when ELSTs performed 15:2 CPR with that when they performed 30:2 CPR. Results. During the first period, ELSTs actually performed CCs 15 times per 7.2 sec (128.1 times per minute), and performed 2 ventilations per 4.5 sec. Thirty-six percent of patients received appropriate CCs (100-120/min), while 43% received high-frequency CCs (120-150/min) and 13% received CCs that were too fast (more than 150/min). During the second period, ELSTs performed CCs 30 times per 18.1 sec (101.6 times per minute), and performed 2 ventilations per 4.3 sec. Conclusions. The change in the CC-to-ventilation ratio for CPR in the international guidelines from 15:2 to 30:2 can improve the exactness of the frequency of CCs. However, ELSTs may not be able to perform CCs exactly as recommended. It is important to evaluate the exact frequency of CCs by ELSTs or paramedics in ambulances and to evaluate the relationship between the frequency of CCs and patient outcome

Atomically phase-matched second-harmonic generation in a 2D crystal.

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) has found extensive applications from hand-held laser pointers to spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Recently, some cleavable van der Waals (vdW) crystals have shown SHG arising from a single atomic layer, where the SH light elucidated important information such as the grain boundaries and electronic structure in these ultra-thin materials. However, despite the inversion asymmetry of the single layer, the typical crystal stacking restores inversion symmetry for even numbers of layers leading to an oscillatory SH response, drastically reducing the applicability of vdW crystals such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Here, we probe the SHG generated from the noncentrosymmetric 3R crystal phase of MoS2. We experimentally observed quadratic dependence of second-harmonic intensity on layer number as a result of atomically phase-matched nonlinear dipoles in layers of the 3R crystal that constructively interfere. By studying the layer evolution of the A and B excitonic transitions in 3R-MoS2 using SHG spectroscopy, we also found distinct electronic structure differences arising from the crystal structure and the dramatic effect of symmetry and layer stacking on the nonlinear properties of these atomic crystals. The constructive nature of the SHG in this 2D crystal provides a platform to reliably develop atomically flat and controllably thin nonlinear media

Near-Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy of HAYABUSA Spacecraft Re-entry

HAYABUSA is the first spacecraft ever to land on and lift off from any celestial body other than the moon. The mission, which returned asteroid samples to the Earth while overcoming various technical hurdles, ended on June 13, 2010, with the planned atmospheric re-entry. In order to safely deliver the sample return capsule, the HAYABUSA spacecraft ended its 7-year journey in a brilliant "artificial fireball" over the Australian desert. Spectroscopic observation was carried out in the near-ultraviolet and visible wavelengths between 3000 and 7500 \AA at 3 - 20 \AA resolution. Approximately 100 atomic lines such as Fe I, Mg I, Na I, Al I, Cr I, Mn I, Ni I, Ti I, Li I, Zn I, O I, and N I were identified from the spacecraft. Exotic atoms such as Cu I, Mo I, Xe I and Hg I were also detected. A strong Li I line (6708 \AA) at a height of ~55 km originated from the onboard Li-Ion batteries. The FeO molecule bands at a height of ~63 km were probably formed in the wake of the spacecraft. The effective excitation temperature as determined from the atomic lines varied from 4500 K to 6000 K. The observed number density of Fe I was about 10 times more abundant than Mg I after the spacecraft explosion. N2+(1-) bands from a shock layer and CN violet bands from the sample return capsule's ablating heat shield were dominant molecular bands in the near-ultraviolet region of 3000 - 4000 \AA. OH(A-X) band was likely to exist around 3092 \AA. A strong shock layer from the HAYABUSA spacecraft was rapidly formed at heights between 93 km and 83 km, which was confirmed by detection of N2+(1-) bands with a vibration temperature of ~13000 K. Gray-body temperature of the capsule at a height of ~42 km was estimated to be ~2437 K which is matched to a theoretical prediction. The final message of the HAYABUSA spacecraft and its sample return capsule are discussed through our spectroscopy.Comment: Accepted for publication in PASJ, 22 pages, 7 figures, 6 table