Trees description in the main square of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

The knowledge of the flora existing in the cities is of great importance from the ecological and sustainable point of view, as well as being a premise for actions that provide greater safety, comfort and well-being for the population. The objective of this work was to perform an analysis of the composition, diversity and quality of the tree flora (trees and palms) existing in Rui Barbosa Square, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State. This square is considered the main place for its location, history and use, and is located in the central region, next to the Cathedral. The arboreal individuals present in the square were counted, identified and evaluated the height and circumference of the trunk at the height of the chest; were determined phytosociological descriptors, Shannon-Weaver index and observed qualitative aspects (stem-glass balance, general status of the specimen, phytosanity and presence of association with other organisms: insects, lichens, epiphytes or parasites). The floristic composition of Rui Barbosa Square, consisted of 15 botanical families, composed of 25 genera and 28 species, in a total of 103 individuals, among trees and palm trees. The most representative species was Dypsis lutescens, with a frequency of 20.39%. The Shannon-Weaver index, an indicator of diversity, was 2.77, showing that the square presents great floristic diversity. The majority (72.8%) of individuals is in a regular or poor state; 66.02% had some fungus symptoms; 12.62% present problems due to termite attack; mosses, lichens and epiphytes are present in 73.78% of the individuals in the square

Does soaking time during disinfestation affect germination rates in Dendrobium?

Asymbiotic germination is considered an efficient and viable technique that can increase germination rates. The effect of type and concentration of disinfestants, and the exposure time to disinfestants may differ according to the plant species. Therefore, species-specific standardization of disinfestation agent and procedure is necessary to achieve optimal germination rates. The objective of this study was to determine a disinfestation methodology to increase in vitro germination rates and the early development of seedlings of Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium phalaenopsis, using different times for seed disinfestation and different culture media. Seeds were disinfected by soaking in a 0.8% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 or 15 min under aseptic conditions, after which seed suspensions were either washed with water or left unwashed. Next, they were seeded in culture flasks containing four different culture media (MS, ½MS, K, and VW). The flasks were then transferred to a growth room under controlled photoperiod and temperature, where they remained under an irradiance of 20 μmol m-2 s-1. Germination rates of the species were evaluated 45 days after placement in the culture flasks. A higher germination rate was observed when the seeds were triple washed, regardless of the culture medium or soaking time. Seed soaking disinfestation for 5 min is also recommended. MS and ½MS media were the most effective culture media in promoting in vitro germination of the species under study

Imersão em solução nutritiva e ácido giberélico promovem a aclimatização intermediária de Dendrobium phalaenopsis Deang Suree

The acclimatization of plants grown in vitro is a limiting factor in micropropagation, as high mortality is observed when transferring plants to ex vitro conditions. We aimed to evaluate the effect of immersion in nutrient solution with GA3 in the intermediate acclimatization of Dendrobium phalaenopsis. Plants were divided into 20 sets, and each set was immersed in 250 mL of nutrient solution composed for ½MS medium, free of agar and sucrose, with 30 mg L-1 GA3, for a period of 0; 12; 24; 36 or 48 hours. After each immersion period, plants were transferred to vessels containing plant substrate and were kept in a growth room for intermediate acclimatization for 30 days. Plants were then conditioned in a greenhouse for 10 months. Survival, fresh weight (g), number of leaves, number of pseudobulbs, length and diameter of largest pseudobulb (cm), root number and length of largest root (cm) were evaluated. In general, an increase in all evaluated characteristics was recorded, except for the leaf number, which at the end of the experiment was lower than at the beginning of cultivation. Results suggested that plants of D. phalaenopsis can be transplanted immediately (without immersion) or be immersed in nutrient solution with 30 mg L-1 GA3 for 24 hours and must be kept in a growth room for intermediate acclimatization.A aclimatização das plantas cultivadas in vitro é um fator limitante na micropropagação, pois quando transferidas para condições ex vitro, apresentam alta mortalidade das plantas produzidas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do período de imersão em solução nutritiva, acrescida de GA3, na aclimatização intermediária de Dendrobium phalaenopsis. As plantas utilizadas foram divididas em conjuntos de 20, sendo cada conjunto imerso em 250 mL de solução nutritiva constituída pelo meio ½ MS, sem adição de sacarose e ágar, e suplementada com 30 mg L-1 de GA3, por um período de 0; 12; 24; 36 ou 48 horas. A seguir, as plantas foram transplantadas para recipientes contendo o substrato e transferidas para sala de crescimento onde permaneceram, para a aclimatização intermediária, por 30 dias. Na sequência, as plantas foram acondicionadas em viveiro telado por 10 meses. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, quanto à massa fresca (g), número de folhas, número de pseudobulbos, comprimento do maior pseudobulbo (cm), diâmetro do maior pseudobulbo (cm), número de raízes e comprimento da maior raiz (cm). De maneira geral, houve um aumento de todas as características avaliadas, exceto para o número de folhas que no final do período experimental apresentaram número menor do que no plantio. Com base nos resultados, as plantas de D. phalaenopsis podem ser transplantadas imediatamente (sem a imersão) ou serem imersas em solução nutritiva acrescida de 30 mg L-1 de GA3 por até 24 horas, e devem ser mantidas em sala de crescimento para aclimatização intermediária

Influência de fatores do ambiente na germinação de sementes de grama-tapete (Axonopus affinis Chase)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência da temperatura, da luz, do substrato, das formas de semeadura, do estresse salino e hídrico na germinação da gramínea Axonopus affinis. Foram quatro experimentos, todos conduzidos em câmara de germinação, onde as condições de temperatura, umidade e fotoperíodo foram controladas; o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e utilizou-se 100 sementes por parcela. Para o estudo da temperatura e da luz (experimento 1), os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, composto de seis condições de temperatura (constante de 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC e alternadas de 20-30 ºC e 20-35 ºC) e duas condições de luminosidade (―claro‖: 8 horas de luz e 16 horas de escuro e ―escuro‖: 24 h na ausência de luz) e quatro repetições. Para o estudo de substrato e forma de semeadura (experimento 2) foram quatro tratamentos (sobre papel, entre papel, sobre areia e entre areia) e cinco repetições. Para o estudo do estresse salino (experimento 3) foram cinco tratamentos (concentrações de NaCl: 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mM) e quatro repetições. Para o estudo do estresse hídrico e formas de semeadura (experimento 4), os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 onde foram testados três níveis de capacidade de retenção de água (50, 75 e 100%) e duas formas de semeadura (sobre areia e entre areia) e quatro repetições. Avaliou-se porcentagem de germinação e Índice de Velocidade de Germinação. Concluiu-se que a germinação de sementes foi mais efetiva em temperaturas alternadas de 20-30 ºC e 20-35 ºC sob condição de luz e nos substratos sobre papel, entre papel e sobre areia; a concentração de NaCl não afetou a porcentagem de germinação, porém, o aumento da concentração diminuiu gradativamente a velocidade de germinação; maior porcentagem e velocidade de germinação ocorreu quando as sementes foram colocadas sobre areia, mantida com 100% da capacidade de retenção de água.This work aim was verify the temperature, light, substrate, ways of sowing, and salt and hydric stress influence into the Axonopus affinis germination. All the four trials were carried out in a germination chamber under temperature, humidity, and photoperiod controlled conditions. The experimental design used was the completely randomized one, with 100 seeds in each plot. To study the temperature and light (experiment 1), the trials were arranged in a factorial scheme 6x2, with six temperature conditions (constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C and alternate temperatures of 20-30 °C and 20-25 °C) and two lightning conditions (light: 8 hours of light and 16 hours of dark and "dark": 24 h in the dark) and four replications. To the substrate and sowing trial (experiment 2) we used four treatments (on paper, between paper, on sand, and between sand) with five replications. To the salt stress trial (experiment 3) we used five treatments (NaCl concentrations: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) with four replications. To the hydric stress trial the treatments were arranged in a 3x2 factorial scheme (experiment 4) where we tested three levels of water retention capacity (50, 75, and 100%) and two ways of sowing (on sand and between sand) and four replications. We evaluated the germination percentage and Germination Time Index. We could conclude that the seed germination was more effective when the temperature was alternated of 20-30 °C and 20-35 °C, under light condition, and on a paper substrate, between papers and on the sand. The NaCl concentration did not affect the germination percentage. However, the higher was the NaCl concentration, the slower was the germination. A faster and higher germination occurred when seeds were on the sand kept at 100% of water retention capacity

Emergência de plântulas e crescimento inicial de copaíba sob diferentes substratos

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar uma emergência e crescimento inicial de mudas de copaíba ( Copaifera langsdorffi Desf.) Sob diferentes substratos. A semeadura foi realizada nos substratos: solo, Bioplant®, solo + areia, solo + Bioplant® e solo + areia + cama-de-frango. Foram avaliadas, velocidade de emergência e crescimento de plântulas. Para uma emergência de plântulas de copaíba são indicados todos os substratos, exceto mistura solo + areia + cama-de-frango. Para o crescimento inicial, indicado pelo índice de qualidade de Dickson, o melhor substrato foi solo solo

Imersão em solução nutritiva e ácido giberélico promovem a aclimatização intermediária de Dendrobium phalaenopsis Deang Suree

The acclimatization of plants grown in vitro is a limiting factor in micropropagation, as high mortality is observed when transferring plants to ex vitro conditions. We aimed to evaluate the effect of immersion in nutrient solution with GA3 in the intermediate acclimatization of Dendrobium phalaenopsis. Plants were divided into 20 sets, and each set was immersed in 250 mL of nutrient solution composed for ½MS medium, free of agar and sucrose, with 30 mg L-1 GA3, for a period of 0; 12; 24; 36 or 48 hours. After each immersion period, plants were transferred to vessels containing plant substrate and were kept in a growth room for intermediate acclimatization for 30 days. Plants were then conditioned in a greenhouse for 10 months. Survival, fresh weight (g), number of leaves, number of pseudobulbs, length and diameter of largest pseudobulb (cm), root number and length of largest root (cm) were evaluated. In general, an increase in all evaluated characteristics was recorded, except for the leaf number, which at the end of the experiment was lower than at the beginning of cultivation. Results suggested that plants of D. phalaenopsis can be transplanted immediately (without immersion) or be immersed in nutrient solution with 30 mg L-1 GA3 for 24 hours and must be kept in a growth room for intermediate acclimatization.A aclimatização das plantas cultivadas in vitro é um fator limitante na micropropagação, pois quando transferidas para condições ex vitro, apresentam alta mortalidade das plantas produzidas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do período de imersão em solução nutritiva, acrescida de GA3, na aclimatização intermediária de Dendrobium phalaenopsis. As plantas utilizadas foram divididas em conjuntos de 20, sendo cada conjunto imerso em 250 mL de solução nutritiva constituída pelo meio ½ MS, sem adição de sacarose e ágar, e suplementada com 30 mg L-1 de GA3, por um período de 0; 12; 24; 36 ou 48 horas. A seguir, as plantas foram transplantadas para recipientes contendo o substrato e transferidas para sala de crescimento onde permaneceram, para a aclimatização intermediária, por 30 dias. Na sequência, as plantas foram acondicionadas em viveiro telado por 10 meses. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, quanto à massa fresca (g), número de folhas, número de pseudobulbos, comprimento do maior pseudobulbo (cm), diâmetro do maior pseudobulbo (cm), número de raízes e comprimento da maior raiz (cm). De maneira geral, houve um aumento de todas as características avaliadas, exceto para o número de folhas que no final do período experimental apresentaram número menor do que no plantio. Com base nos resultados, as plantas de D. phalaenopsis podem ser transplantadas imediatamente (sem a imersão) ou serem imersas em solução nutritiva acrescida de 30 mg L-1 de GA3 por até 24 horas, e devem ser mantidas em sala de crescimento para aclimatização intermediária

Growth and development of Hemerocallis fulva subjected to doses of nitrogen and phosphorus

The objective was to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and development of Hemerocallis fulva variety Flore Full, herbaceous perennial widely used in landscaping. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 25 treatments, arranged in a factorial 5 x 5 (0; 75; 150; 225 and 300 kg ha-1 N and 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 P), with 4 replicates. The phosphorus fertilization was carried out 15 days after planting (DAP) and nitrogen was applied in coverage divided in three equal applications at 15, 120 and 240 DAP. There were evaluated the plant height, number of tillers per plant, soil coverage area, the fresh mass of plant, root system and shoot; and the dry mass of plant, root system and aerial part, and calculated the ratio of root dry mass and plant dry mass. It was also obtained the nutrient content of the leaf tissue and root system. The highest tillering was gained with the use of 150 kg ha-1 N combined with 400 kg ha-1 of P. Intermediate doses of N (75-170 kg ha-1 of N) showed higher production of plant fresh and dry mass and root dry mass. Doses of N and P influenced the N and P content in plant tissues of roots and leaves of Hemerocallis. Plants fertilized with 300 kg ha-1 of N and 273 kg ha -1 of P lead to the highest levels of N in the leaves and doses of 80 kg ha-1 of N and 68 kg ha-1 P, the highest content of P in the leaves of H. fulva. Already, in the roots, the highest N content was obtained with application of 300 kg ha-1 N in the presence of P and doses of 225 kg N ha-1 combined with 300 ha-1 P provided the highest P content in the roots