The Increased Incidence of Nausea and Vomiting Due to Anxiety in Paclitaxel Carboplatin Chemotherapy in a 48 Years Old Female Patient with Cervical Cancer: a Case Report

Nausea and vomiting was the frequently side effects in chemotherapy.Uncontrolled nausea and vomiting can cause weakened body condition, reduced appetite and drinking, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, reduced nutritional status so the patient refused to undergo further chemotherapy. Anxiety is one of the factors that increase the risk of nausea and vomiting. We reported the case of the woman 48 years old, height 150 cm, weight 51 kg, occupation housewife, diagnosed non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma cervical cancer stage-IIB and received paclitaxel carboplatin for three cycles of chemotherapy. She experienced anxiety, acute nausea vomiting on the third cycle of chemotherapy and delayed nausea and vomiting of the three cycles of chemotherapy

High Interleukin-6, Low Cd4+ and Cd8+ T-lymphocytes Expressions as Risk Factors of Cervical Carsinoma Infected by Human Papilloma Virus Type-52

In Indonesia cervical carcinoma is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading cause of mortality. High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major risk factor of cervical cancer. This study aims to know the role of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte for the risk of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV52. This study was a case control study, specimens of cervical carcinoma patients infected by HPV type-52 as the case group and HPV type-16 or 18 as the control group. HPV genotyping used SPF10 primer and type specific E7 primer by LiPA. Immunohistochemistry method was used to know expression of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte. Pearson's c2 test was applied with statistical significance was set at the 2-sided 0.05 level. The odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the risk, with 95% confidence intervals on SPSS 16.0 for windows. PCR examination was performed in 185 paraffin-embedded tissue. The risk of high IL-6 expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type-52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p < 0.05). The risk of low CD4+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher and 7.43-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.003-35.91; p = 0.04; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 7.43 ; CI 95% = 1.23-45.01; p = 0.02; p < 0.05). The risk of low CD8+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 13.5-fold higher and 11-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 13.50 ; CI 95% = 1.42-128.26; p = 0.01; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 11.00 ; CI 95% = 1.16-103.94; p = 0.02; p < 0.05). No significance different between cases and controls group in mean-age, parity and sexual activity (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study found that high IL-6 expression, low CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte expression were the risk factors of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52

Factors Cause of Maternal Death in Timor-Leste

Maternal mortality was an indicator of basic health services for mothers or women of reproductive age of a country and was one of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Factors that affect maternal mortality, among others: medical factors, non-medical factors, and health care system factors. Meanwhile, WHO (2010) reported that the cause of maternal mortality in the world is 25% of bleeding, 15% of infection/sepsis, 12% eclampsia, 13% of abortions are unsafe, 8% obstructed and ectopic pregnancy, 8% embolisms and other related issues with anesthetic problems. WHO (2010) has determined that the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in 40 countries ≥ 300 / 100,000 live births including República Democrática de Timor-Leste at 557 / 100,000 live births. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the variables of age, parity, spacing pregnancies, health behavior, and health status of mothers with maternal deaths. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional study with a sample of 298 pregnant women in 13 districts throughout Timor-Leste. Results: Maternal deaths are caused by independent variables simultaneously and the remaining 28.0% were prescribed other factors

THE RISK OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ON HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE-16 INFECTION IN BALI

The high risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) have already known widely and accepted as a causative agent for cervical cancer. Epidemiologically, predominant high-risk is HPV-16 and squamous cellcarcinomas (SCC) is the most common histological type. HPV genotype probably correlates to histologictype. This study aims to determine how many fold is the risk of SCC on HPV-16 infection. This is a casecontrol with SCC HPV-16 positive as the cases and SCC HPV-16 negative as the controls. Tissues  diagnosed as SCC and non SCC was paraffin-embedded. SPF-10 and specific E7-primer types by LiPA were employed for genotyping of HPV-16. was applied to analyze the correlation. A number of 65 SCC consisted of 33 cases and 32 controls were observed in this study. The risk of SCC on HPV-16 infection was 3.40-fold (95% CI = 1.44-8.03; p = 0.004) compare with HPV-16 negative. Controls in this study consist of 18 (27.69%) of HPV-18, 9 (13.85%) of HPV-52, and 5 (7.69%) of other HPV types. The mean-age of case group and control group infected by HPV were 52.28 ± 12.43 and 47.70 ± 8.02 year, respectively (p = 0.02). HPV-16 infection caused SCC is 3.5 more than other high risk group.</span

Increased incidence of nausea and vomiting due to anxiety in palcitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy in a 48 years old female patient with cervical cancer

Nausea and vomiting was the frequently side effects in chemotherapy.Uncontrolled nausea and vomiting can cause weakened body condition, reduced appetite and drinking, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, reduced nutritional status so the patient refused to undergo further chemotherapy. Anxiety is one of the factors that increase the risk of nausea and vomiting. We reported the case of the woman 48 years old, height 150 cm, weight 51 kg, occupation housewife, diagnosed non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma cervical cancer  stage-IIB and received paclitaxel carboplatin for three cycles of chemotherapy. She experienced anxiety, acute nausea vomiting on the third cycle of chemotherapy and delayed nausea and vomiting of the three cycles of chemotherapy.</span

HIGH INTERLEUKIN-6, LOW CD4+ AND CD8+ T-LYMPHOCYTES EXPRESSIONS AS RISK FACTORS OF CERVICAL CARSINOMA INFECTED BY HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS TYPE-52

In Indonesia cervical carcinoma is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading cause of mortality. High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major risk factor of cervical cancer. This study aims to know the role of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte for the risk of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV52. This study was a case control study, specimens of cervical carcinoma patients infected by HPV type-52 as the case group and HPV type-16 or 18 as the control group. HPV genotyping used SPF10 primer and type specific E7 primer by LiPA. Immunohistochemistry method was used to know expression of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte. Pearson’s c2 test was applied with statistical significance was set at the 2-sided 0.05 level. The odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the risk, with 95% confidence intervals on SPSS 16.0 for windows. PCR examination was performed in 185 paraffin-embedded tissue. The risk of high IL-6 expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type-52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p &lt; 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p &lt; 0.05). The risk of low CD4+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher and 7.43-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.003-35.91; p = 0.04; p &lt; 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 7.43 ; CI 95% = 1.23-45.01; p = 0.02; p &lt; 0.05). The risk of low CD8+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 13.5-fold higher and 11-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 13.50 ; CI 95% = 1.42-128.26; p = 0.01; p &lt; 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 11.00 ; CI 95% = 1.16-103.94; p = 0.02; p &lt; 0.05). No significance different between cases and controls group in mean-age, parity and sexual activity (p &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, this study found that high IL-6 expression, low CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte expression were the risk factors of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52

Health Behavior and Status Related to Mother's Death in Timor-Leste

Maternal mortality (MMR) in República Democrática de Timor-Leste (RDTL) is still high among developing countries. Meanwhile, the study on the model of the relationship between medical factors, non-medical factors and factors of health care system to reduce these figures has not been done in-depth study and independent. Objective: This study aims to demonstrate health behavior and health status as a contributing factor to maternal deaths throughout Timor-Leste. Methods: The study used a case-control study design study with a retrospective approach to study the correlation dynamics between cause and effect factors. The variables collected include the characteristics, behavior and health status of the mother. Then the odds ratio is calculated to explain the strength of the causal factor influencing the effect. In this study involving 298 pregnant women living as well as the mother's family gave birth to die at 13 Municipios throughout Timor-Leste