PREVENTION METHODS AGAINST Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens INFECTION IN TILAPIA

This research evaluated a method involving provision of a concoction of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox dan Zingimber zerumbet extracts for pathogen prevention in tilapia. The concentration of each extract was 600 ppm of Boesenbergia pandurata/BP, 900 ppm of Solanum ferox/SF and 200 ppm of Zingimber zerumbet/ZZ. The examination was performed by issuing two combinations of extracts (SF:BP, SF:ZZ) against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens (105 CFUmL-1). Preventive trials were carried out by providing a concoction of extracts through intraperitoneal injection (0.1 mL/fish) in tilapia (15±2 g) and the immersion method was performed by bathing the fish in the extracts for 20 minutes, with pathogen challenging during the following 24 h being carried out. The composition of the used extract was by SF60:ZZ40; SF50:ZZ50; BP90:SF10; BP50:SF50; and fish without being given the extract. Haematology and immunology parameters were observed at the 4th week after challanges with pathogenic bacteria. The number of white blood cells (WBCs) increased significantly (P <0.05) compared to controls without extract, with a similar increase observed for red blood cell (RBCs), but heamatocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) values did not significantly increase compared to control. Phagocytic index, respiratory burst and lysozyme activities also experienced a significant increase in fish fed with combined extracts compared to controls. The numbers of pathogenic bacteria in the body of the fish given extract were also lower than the control and significantly different at the 4th week. The results of this study indicate that giving combined extracts of SF50:ZZ50 and BP90:SF10 provides the best protection (RPS) against infection of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescent by injection of 100%. This study indicates that providing combined extracts by injection and immersion in the ratio of SF50:ZZ50 has a positive effect in increasing the non-specific immune system of tilapia and increasing protection against bacterial infections

Uji In Vitro Gabungan Ekstrak Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox, Zingimber zerumbet terhadap Bakteri Patogen pada Ikan Nila (IN VITRO TEST OF CONCOCTION PLANT EXTRACTS OF BOESENBERGIA PANDURATA, SOLANUM FEROX, ZINGIMBER ZERUMBET

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol concoction (mixed extract) of three herbs plants, such as: Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox and Zingimber zerumbet against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp. and both bacteria. The Plant extracts were obtained by using ethanol and the concentration of the extract was 600 mgL-1 of B. pandurata, 900 mgL-1 of S. ferox and 200 mgL-1 of Z. zerumbet. The inhibition zone was measured after 6, 12, 18, 24 h incubation at 30o C. The ratios of concoction S. ferox and B. pandurata (for 100 mL solution) were 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 40:60; 30:70; 20:80; 10:90. The same ratios were made on the concoction of S. ferox and Z. zerumbet. The concoctions of S. ferox and B. pandurata in the ratio of 50:50 and 60:40, and the concoction of S. ferox and Z. Zerumbet with ratio 60:40 had higher antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila single isolate compared to the other concoctions. Furthermore, the concoction extract of S. ferox and B. pandurate 50:50 and the combined of S. ferox and Z. zerumbet ratio 50:50 and 90:10 were the best combination to inhibit the growth of a single bacterium Pseudomonas sp. The combined S. ferox and B. pandurata ratio 50:50; 10:90 and S. ferox mixed with Z. zerumbet ratio 50:50 and 40:60 were the best combination against the combined bacteria between A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. The conclusion of this research was the combined extract of S. ferox and B. pandurata and S. ferox with Z. zerumbet are effective to suppress the growth of single or combination of A. hydropila and Pseudomonas sp

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK PROPOLIS LEBAH Heterotrigona itama DARI BEBERAPA LOKASI BUDIDAYA DI KALIMANTAN TIMUR TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acnes

Propolis merupakan produk penting bagi lebah yang banyak digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif pengobatan alami karena mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang dapat memberikan efek positif pada tubuh. Sebagai produk yang dihasilkan lebah untuk menutupi sarangnya dan mencegah predator maupun infeksi bakteri atau virus dari luar, propolis memiliki salah satu manfaat sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya hambat ekstrak propolis lebah Heterotrigona itama yang berasal dari 4 lokasi budidaya (perkebunan, persawahan, hutan sekunder, dan perkotaan) di Kalimantan Timur terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes atau P.acnes dengan metode difusi lubang/sumuran pada media nutrient broth (NB) dengan kloramfenikol sebagai kontrol positif dan aseton sebagai kontrol negatif. Propolis diekstrak menggunakan metode maserasi dengan larutan etanol 96% yang kemudian dibuat dalam 3 (tiga) konsentrasi yaitu 500ppm, 250 ppm, dan 125 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukanfitokimia dari propolis di 4 lokasi budidaya dominan mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid dan kumarin. Uji bakteri pada konsentrasi 500 ppm,propolis H.itama dari lokasi perkebunan dan persawahan tergolong dalam kategori kuat dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri, dari lokasi hutan sekunder tergolong sedang, dan dari lokasi perkotaan tergolong rendah

Search for biological activities from an invasive shrub species rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)

Abstract. Kusuma IW, Ainiyati N, Suwinarti W. 2016. Search for biological activities from an invasive shrub species rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa). Nusantara Bioscience 8: 55-59. Research into the potential of diversity, ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology and bioactivity of Indonesia plants is essential. In continuation of our search into biologically-active substances from plant sources, the ethanol extract of fruit, leaves, twig and stem of masisin or rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and toxicity. Antioxidant property was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Antimicrobial activity was examined by agar well diffusion against Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Propionibacterium acnes and Candida albicans. Toxicity of the plant was determined by brine shrimp lethality test. The plant ethanolic extracts showed the occurrences of flavonoid, triterpenoid and carbohydrate in the phytochemical analysis. In the antioxidant assay, the plant extracts exhibited 90-93% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 50 ppm. Ascorbic acid, a standard compound showed 96-98% activity at the same concentration tested. In the antimicrobial assay, the activities against B. cereus and C. albicans were displayed by the fruit and leaves of R. tomentosa with activity index (AI) of 0.42 and 0.35, respectively. Leaves, stem, twig and fruit of the plant showed activity against S. typhi and P. acnes with AI of 0.19-0.50 in comparison to that of reference compound, chloramphenicol. In the brine shrimp lethality test, leaves and fruit showed cytotoxicity with LD50 of 43.4 and 8.5 μg/mL. The stem and twig ethanolic extracts were shown to be cytotoxic inactive. The present results showed potential of R. tomentosa extracts as natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents

EFEKTIVITAS PERLAKUAN AWAL ALKALI DAN HIDROTERMAL TERHADAP PROSES DELIGNIFIKASI, POTENSI GULA REDUKSI DAN PRODUKSI ETANOL TEORITIS DARI KAYU Vernonia amygdalina Delile

Vernonia amygdalina merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) atau trubusan yang secara alami dapat melakukan proses regenerasi setelah melalui proses pemangkasan. Selain itu juga sebagai bahan baku penyedia biomassa yang saat ini banyak digunakan dalam memproduksi energi di dunia. Oleh karena itu, V. amygdalina memiliki potensi pembangkitan energi yang besar dan memadai untuk digunakan salah satunya adalah sebagai bahan baku untuk produksi bioetanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas perlakuan awal yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan konsentrasi alkali dan waktu reaksi yang berbeda terhadap proses sakarifikasi dan gula tereduksi yang dihasilkan beserta potensi teoritis dari etanol yang diperoleh. Biomassa kayu terlebih dahulu diolah dengan autoklaf pada berbagai konsentrasi NaOH (0, 1, 2, dan 3% (g/L)) dan waktu reaksi (15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit). Sampel kayu yang telah diolah kemudian dihidrolisis menggunakan enzim selulase komersial untuk menghasilkan monomer glukosa. Waktu hidrolisis pada 12, 24, 36, dan 48 jam dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan NaOH 3% pada waktu reaksi 15 menit dan waktu hidrolisis 36 jam merupakan konsentrasi terbaik untuk memberikan potensi etanol tertinggi (186,98 L/ton biomassa kayu). Akhirnya, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa V. amygdalina akan menjadi bahan baku yang menjanjikan untuk produksi etanol

Aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri dari ekstrak bee pollen lebah kelulut (Tetragonula sarawaknensis)

Pemanfaatan produk propolis dan bee pollen madu tanpa sengat atau Kelulut masih sangat terbatas, demikian juga penelitiannya belum banyak dilakukan bahkan bisa dikatakan masih sangat terbatas termasuk kandungan zat ekstraktif pada bee pollen tersebut. Oleh karena itu tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk skirining manfaat bee pollen sebagai produk kecantikan dan produk yang mengandung bahan yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Kemajuan teknologi dan gaya hidup manusia dimasa sekarang cenderung mudah menimbulkan banyak penyakit baru. Hal ini menimbulkan rasa penasaran akan bee pollen sebagai produk dari alam yang memiliki kemampuan sebagai antioksidan dan menghambat pertumbuhan Propionibacterium acnes. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstraksi dingin etanol 98% selama 3 x 24 jam, dilanjutkan dengan uji fitokimia, dan analisis antioksidan dengan uji DPPH dan penghambatan Propionibacterium acnes dengan metode difusi agar. Ekstrak bee pollen T. sarawakensis mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, kumarin dan tanin. Ekstrak T. sarawakensis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai konsentrasi hambatan 39% pada 100 mg/mL. Ekstrak memiliki penghambatan terkuat dari Propionibacterium acnes (42% pada 500 µg/well). Hasil ini menunjukkan adanya potensi ekstrak etanol T. sarawakensis untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan kosmetik dan jamu, namun diperlukan percobaan lebih lanjut untuk membuktikan fungsinya

Short Communication: Antibacterial activity of Boesenbergia pandurata, Zingiber zerumbet and Solanum ferox extracts against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp.

Abstract. Hardi EH, Kusuma IW, Suwinarti W, Agustina, Nugroho RA. 2016. Antibacterial activity of Boesenbergia pandurata, Zingiber zerumbet and Solanum ferox extracts against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 18-21. This study evaluated the potential antibacterial activity of Boesenbergia pandurata, Zingiber zerumbet and Solanum ferox extracts against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. This paper aims to review the best concentration of the extract B. pandurata, Z. zerumbet and S. ferox to inhibit the growth of bacteria A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. on tilapia in vitro test. The concentrations used range from 100-6000 ppm for B. pandurata and S. ferox, menwhile for Z. zerumbet extracts ranged from 25-1000 ppm. The best concentration was injected to tilapia by intraperitoneal (0.1 mL/fish) to know in vivo inhibition of extract in fish. The results showed that B. pandurata 600 and 900 ppm , and Z. zerumbet 200 and 2000 ppm revealed potent antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila; while the concentration of S. ferox at 400 and 900 ppm inhibit Pseudomonas sp. growth, whereas concentration of 600, 200, and 900 ppm reduced the bacteria pathogen in fish body

Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Background: The combination of some plant extracts to prevent and treat bacterial infections is gaining momentum, because of effectiveness against certain bacteria. This study aims to describe the antibacterial and immunostimulant abilities of Boesenbergia pandurata (BP), Solanum ferox (SF) and Zingiber Zerumbet (ZZ) plant extracts to treat and prevent Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Methods: Tilapia (initial weight 15±2 g) were injected intramuscularly (0.1 ml/fish) with a combination of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens at a density of 1×10 5 CFU ml -1 of each bacteria. Treatment trials were performed at day 7 post-injection with each combined extract, while the prevention trial was performed by including the combined extract into the commercial diet for six and seven days prior to injection. Various extract combinations were 60 mg SF extract/kg feed with 40 mg ZZ/kg feed (SF60/ZZ40), SF50/ZZ50, BP90/SF10, and BP50/SF50. Haemato-immunological parameters were performed for four weeks. Results: In prevention trials, tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 showed a significant increase of white and red blood cells. Similarly, significantly increased haematocrit was found in tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 in the treatment trial but not in the prevention trial. In both trials, haemoglobin of tilapia was not affected by any combined extracts but decreased the number of bacteria. Phagocytic index, respiratory burst, lysozyme activity and survival rate of fish fed combined extracts were found significantly higher than controls. The amount of pathogenic bacteria in fish fed combined extracts was lower than the control at week 4 (P<0.05). In both trials The percentage of survival rate and relative percent survival of tilapia fed SF 50/ZZ 50, showed the optimum results compared to the other combinations. Conclusions: The combined extract in feed, especially SF50/ZZ50 has a positive effect on the tilapia's innate immune system of tilapia to treat and prevent bacterial infections

A Study on the Production Method of Kenaf High Fiber Strength

Kenaf bast fiber from 58 varieties grown in Zhejiang province, China, was treated using three treatments. First treatment used ammonium oxalate, sodium hydroxide and acidic chlorite (AT3), second treatment used ammonium oxalate and sodium hydroxide (AT0) and the third one was retting treatment (RET). Some parameters such as diameter, height and weight of stalk, and also fiber strength were measured for screening method.Treatment AT3 show much better strength than the other two. It means the single fiber which belongs to AT3 is stronger than the bundle fiber of AT0 and RET. Moreover the chemical treatment of AT0 has much stronger bundle fiber than RET. The best-8 varieties (kenaf sample number 8, 11, 12, 30, 32, 48, 52 and 58) were selected based on the fiber strength and kenaf sample number 12 and 32 reached the superior two if evaluated with other factors

A Mini Review: The Application of Eupatorium Plants as Potential Cosmetic Ingredients

The Eupatorium plant has been well used in medication and as a decorative plant. Some studies have reported that this herb has biochemical compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, phenolics, polysaccharides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Thus, it has pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antinociceptive properties, that can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. However, only a few published works have summarized the active compounds and the application of Eupatorium plants as cosmetic agents. Therefore, this article aims to review the application of Eupatorium plants as a potential cosmetic agent. The active compounds of Eupatorium are contained in the whole plant, as well as the stems, leaves, roots, and aerial parts (flower, fruit, and seeds). In terms of cosmetic applications, the activities of Eupathorium are antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-melanin/melanogenesis, anti-acne, and anti-inflammatory. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding for expanding the utilization of this plant for cosmetic purposes by using these active compounds