Kesadaran Memilih Tipe Makanan: Studi Pengukuran Sikap Eksplisit Dan Implisit

Sosialisasi mengenai pentingnya makanan berserat semakin marak namun konsumsi makanan cepat saji terus meningkat. Padahal, banyak orang yang menyatakan atau menunjukkan sikap yang negatif terhadap konsumsi makanan cepat saji. Peneliti merasa bahwa fenomena kontradiktif tersebut perlu diteliti lebih lanjut. Untuk itulah, peneliti memutuskan untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai sikap terhadap makanan cepat saji dan makanan berserat, baik secara eksplisit maupun implisit. Sikap eksplisit merupakan evaluasi yang disadari dan dapat dengan mudah dilaporkan. Sedangkan, sikap implisit merupakan evaluasi yang muncul secara involuntary, tidak dapat dikontrol, dan seringkali tanpa disadari. Guna melihat gambaran sikap eksplisit dan implisit terhadap makanan cepat saji dan makanan berserat, serta untuk melihat ada atau tidaknya perbedaan antara sikap eksplisit dan implisit tersebut, diperlukan dua metode pengukuran, yaitu survei bagi sikap eksplisit dan Implicit Association Test (IAT) bagi sikap implisit. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 31 laki-laki dan 68 perempuan. Partisipan-partisipan penelitian tersebut merupakan para dewasa muda yang berusia antara 18-24 tahun. Hasilnya menunjukkan partisipan cenderung memiliki preferensi terhadap makanan berserat dibandingkan dengan makanan cepat saji, baik pada sikap eksplisit maupun sikap implisit partisipan-partisipan penelitian. Namun, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara sikap eksplisit dan implisit partisipan terhadap makanan cepat saji dan makanan berserat. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa masyarakat dalam tahap perkembangan dewasa muda memiliki sikap yang lebih positif terhadap makanan berserat dibandingkan dengan makanan cepat saji. Namun, kecenderungan memilih makanan cepat saji masih termasuk tinggi. Peneliti menduga hal tersebut disebabkan oleh keterbatasan waktu dan kesibukan, serta sulitnya mengakses makanan berserat dibanding makanan cepat saji

A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N=10,535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β=0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β=0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

A Many-analysts Approach to the Relation Between Religiosity and Well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N=10,535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β=0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β=0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

Evaluating WAIS-IV structure through a different psychometric lens: Structural causal model discovery as an alternative to confirmatory factor analysis

Objective: Since the publication of the WAIS-IV in the U.S. in 2008, efforts have been made to explore the structural validity by applying factor analysis to various samples. This study aims to achieve a more fine-grained understanding of the structure of the Dutch language version of the WAIS-IV (WAIS-IV-NL) by applying an alternative analysis based on causal modeling in addition to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Bayesian Constraint-based Causal Discovery (BCCD) algorithm learns underlying network structures directly from data and assesses more complex structures than is possible with factor analysis. Method: WAIS-IV-NL profiles of two clinical samples of 202 patients (i.e. patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and a mixed psychiatric outpatient group) were analyzed and contrasted with a matched control group (N = 202) selected from the Dutch standardization sample of the WAIS-IV-NL to investigate internal structure by means of CFA and BCCD. Results: With CFA, the four-factor structure as proposed by Wechsler demonstrates acceptable fit in all three subsamples. However, BCCD revealed three consistent clusters (verbal comprehension, visual processing, and processing speed) in all three subsamples. The combination of Arithmetic and Digit Span as a coherent working memory factor could not be verified, and Matrix Reasoning appeared to be isolated. Conclusions: With BCCD, some discrepancies from the proposed four-factor structure are exemplified. Furthermore, these results fit CHC theory of intelligence more clearly. Consistent clustering patterns indicate these results are robust. The structural causal discovery approach may be helpful in better interpreting existing tests, the development of new tests, and aid in diagnostic instruments