The Tocque Formula and Newfoundland English

Summer settlements had been established on the island of Newfoundland since at least the 17th century. A dominion of the British Crown, Newfoundland entered Confederation as the tenth Canadian province (Newfoundland and Labrador) in 1949. Two main groups of settlers dominated: the English from Southwest England, who arrived first, followed by a large influx of Irish from Southeast Ireland who began arriving in large numbers in the 19th century.In the late 19th century, Philip Tocque formulated the following statement concerning a link between religion and regional origin of the inhabitants of Newfoundland: "The Roman Catholics are Irish and the descendants of Irish; the Episcopalians, Methodists and Congregationalists are English and the descendants of English and Jersey: the Presbyterians are principally Scotch and their descendants" (Philip Tocque, 1878, Newfoundland as it was and it is in ]877, Toronto: no publisher, p. 366; cited in Handcock 1989: 145). For many parts of Newfoundland, particularly the smaller settlements, this holds true to the present day. As intermingling between the two religious groups rarely occurred in the early days, the Irish settlements (mainly on the Avalon Peninsula) and Southwest English settlements (mainly main island outports and bays) remained separated as well. This socio-cultural separation was at the same time a linguistic separation; features traditionally associated with Irish English (IrE) did not spread outside the Jrish communities, and the sameis true for Southwest English (SWE) features

India's position in international climate negotiations: no shift under Modi

International negotiations over a post-2020 climate agreement have brought increased calls for India to participate in climate protection efforts. India is currently in a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, in demanding financial and technological support for climate policy, India shares the same interests as most of the developing countries. On the other hand, its rapid economic growth has made it one of the world’s leading emitters of greenhouse gases. Yet in contrast to China, which announced in 2014 that it would start cutting its emissions around 2030, India does not see itself as having any obligation to take on more international responsibility for climate protection. Its pledges for the December 2015 climate summit in Paris will therefore be moderate. Industrialized countries can at least indirectly contribute to improving climate protection in India by further expanding their bilateral cooperation in the energy and environmental sector. (author's abstract

Pflanzen- und ackerbauliche Maßnahmen zur Ampferbekämpfung auf Acker- und Grünlandflächen unter den Produktionsbedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaus

In Ökologisch wirtschaftenden Betrieben stellen Ampferarten, vor allen Dingen Rumex crispus und R. obtusifolius, weit verbreitete und hartnäckige Unkräuter sowohl im Acker als auch im Grünland dar. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse zur vegetativen und generativen Vermehrung von Ampfer vorgestellt, die auf der Versuchsstation für Ökologischen Landbau Kleinhohenheim der Universität Hohenheim im Jahr 2000 erhoben wurden. In Keimtests wurde die Keimbereitschaft von Ampfersamen unterschiedlichen Alters (Zeiternten in wöchentlichen Abständen von Mitte Mai bis Ende Juni) untersucht, um so einen Anhaltspunkt über den Einfluß des Schnittzeitpunkts von Grünland auf die generative Verbreitung von Ampfer zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß die Keimbereitschaft der Samen zur Heureife nur gering war. Mit zunehmender Reife der Pflanzen stieg jedoch die Keimbereitschaft auf Werte über 80 % an (Prüfung bei Dauerlicht und Wechseltemperatur). In einem zweiten Versuch wurden auf einer Ackerfläche etablierte Ampferpflanzen durch teilweises Entfernen von Sproß- und Wurzelmasse beschädigt und nach sechs Wochen Sproß- und Wurzelmasse erhoben. Hierbei zeigte sich, daß eine nachhaltige Bekämpfung um so eher möglich war, je mehr Biomasse von den Pflanzen entfernt wurde. Die Beschädigung der Pflanzen mit dem Ampferstecher erwies sich hierbei als eine besonders effektive Methode. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Versuche zeigen somit, daß es wirkungsvolle nicht chemische Kontrollmaßnahmen gibt, um die Verbreitung von Ampfer einzuschränken. In dem Beitrag wird die Frage diskutiert, warum Ampferarten im Ökologischen Landbau dennoch ein weit verbreitetes Problem darstellen. Pekrun, Carola und Jund, Dorothea und Hofrichter, Veit und Wagner, Susanne und Thumm, Ulrich und Claupein, Wilhelm (2002) Pflanzen- und ackerbauliche Maßnahmen zur Ampferbekämpfung auf Acker- und Grünlandflächen unter den Produktionsbedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaus [Indirect means of weed control against Rumex spec. on arable fields and grassland in organic farming]. Zeitschrift Pflanzenkrankheiten Pflanzenschutz, Sonderheft XVIII:533-540

04091 Abstracts Collection -- Data Structures

From 22.02. to 27.02.2004, Dagstuhl Seminar "Data Structures" was held in the International Conference and Research Center (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general

Muttergebundene Aufzucht in der Milchviehhaltung - langfristige Auswirkungen auf Verhalten und Wohlbefinden

The integration of dairy heifers into the cow herd shortly before their first parturition is a common management practice also in organic farming and is associated with stress. In this study we investigated whether the ability to cope with such challenges is affected by experiences during early age. Three groups of heifers which differed with respect to the contact to their mother during the first 12 weeks of life were compared. At the age of 25+/-0.2 months heifers were integrated individually into the cow herd and observed for 33 hours. Heifers reared with contact to their mother used the cubicles quicker and more consistently and also tended to differ in the social behaviour compared to the heifers reared without mother. These preliminary results suggest some positive long-term effects of mother-bonded rearing on later challenge response and welfare of dairy cattle

Immunological reactivity of a human immunodeficiency virus type I derived peptide representing a consensus sequence of the GP120 major neutralizing region V3

To reduce the opportunities for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to evade vaccine induced immunity, the development of subunit vaccines must focus on the characterization of immunogenic epitopes, which are major targets for the immune system. The most dominant site for elicitation of neutralising immune response is located on the external envelope glycoprotein gp120 within the third variable domain (V3). To overcome virus type specificity of antibodies directed to the V3-domain we designed a 36 amino acids long gp120/V3-consensus peptide (V3-C36) based on published biological data and sequence comparisons of various HIV-1 virus isolates. This peptide contains a conserved core sequence which is suggested to form a surface-exposed beta-turn. This peptide also includes T-cell epitopes defined in mice and humans, an ADCC-epitope and two highly conserved cysteine residues which were oxidized to form a cystine derivate, thus allowing correct peptide folding. In ELISA-tests, this peptide reacts with at least 90% of randomly selected sera of European and African patients infected with HIV-1 and is recognized by three different HIV-1/V3 "type-specific" antisera (MN, RF, IIIB-strain). Using this peptide as immunogen in rabbits, antisera could be raised with highly cross-reactive and HIV-1/IIIB strain neutralizing properties. Moreover, HTLV/HIV-1/IIIB specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) of BALB/c mice infected with a gp120 recombinant vaccinia virus recognized the central 16- and 12-mer peptides of the V3-C36 consensus peptide in cytolytic assays, indicating perfect compatibility of the consensus peptide with the IIIB-primed CTLs. The DNA-sequence encoding the V3-consensus loop region might be an important component in newly designed recombinant subunit vaccines. In addition, due to its broad serological reactivity, the V3-consensus peptide might play an important role in special diagnostic purposes

Einelternfamilien in Großbritannien und Deutschland: struktureller Rahmen und Lebensverhältnisse

'Ein Merkmal des zunehmenden Strukturwandels von Familien ist die steigende Zahl an Einelternfamilien in vielen westlichen Ländern. Ausgehend von dieser Feststellung stellt der Artikel familiale Veränderungen, familienrechtliche Rahmenbedingungen und demographische Merkmale von Alleinerziehenden in den Ländern Großbritannien und Deutschland dar. Nach einem Überblick über sozial- und familienpolitische Maßnahmen in beiden Ländern wird ein Einblick in den Lebensstandard der Alleinerziehenden gegeben, der durch sozio-ökonomische Benachteiligungen in vielen Bereichen gekennzeichnet ist. In einer abschließenden Betrachtung wird festgestellt, daß sich trotz zahlreicher Unterschiede Gemeinsamkeiten der Alleinerziehenden hinsichtlich der Beeinflussung ihrer Lebenslagen durch die Sozialpolitik ergeben.' (Autorenreferat