Monitoreo de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) presente en un cultivo de Citrus latifolia (Rutaceae) en Río Grande, Penonomé

La citricultura ocupa el noveno lugar en producción mas destacada en América Central, presentando ganancias para más de 100 mil productores de hasta 887 millones de dólares. En Panamá se ha visto amenazada por la introducción de una de las plagas de cítricos más importantes a nivel mundial, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). D. citri es de vital importancia debido a su capacidad vectorial de transmitir la bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter sp., causante de la enfermedad Huanglonbing (HLB). En Panamá la enfermedad aún no se ha pronunciado, sin embargo, es necesario obtener información sobre la dinámica poblacional de este vector y así detectar poblaciones infectadas con la bacteria mediante la implementación de un sistema de monitoreo. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la técnica de muestreo más apropiada que definiera la fluctuación poblacional del vector y la relación que tiene su incidencia con los factores abióticos y bióticos. El proyecto se realizó mediante muestreos semanales, durante el periodo de febrero de 2013 hasta febrero 2014, en la finca de Jardines Urbanos, Rio Grande, Penonomé. La captura de adulto se lleve a cabo mediante el uso de tres técnicas de muestreo: aspirador manual, golpeteo y trampas amarillas, mientras que el de las ninfas y huevos a través de la recolecta de brotes vegetativos. Los resultados muestran que la mayor incidencia de los adultos se presento durante los meses de mayo y octubre coincidiendo con los meses de mayor emergencia de brotes, no siendo el caso de los estadios inmaduros donde su mayor abundancia se presento en el mes de julio. La temperatura máxima presento una correlaci6n baja (0.05) con la abundancia de D. citri, tanto en su fase adulta como en sus fases inmaduras. Las tres técnicas de muestreo resultaron ser eficientes, con una media de 3.5 adultos por árbol por semana en las trampas amarillas, 3.5 en el aspirador manual y 2.6 en el golpeteo. Sin embargo, la más eficiente y eficaz, tomando en consideración el tiempo y esfuerzo dedicado y el costo de la misma, es la de las trampas amarillas

Estimación del peso promedio de cosechas de Rachycentron Canadum LINNAEUS (RACHYCENTRIDAE) en la Región Atlántica de Panamá

Anualmente la tasa de crecimiento poblacional va en aumento, proporcionalmente la demanda alimenticia. Es por ello que se ha presentado como alternativa la piscicultura, como la rama de la producción de alimentos con un rápido desarrollo para satisfacer las necesidades a nivel mundial. Open Blue Sea Farms, es una empresa estadounidense radicada en Panamá desde el año 2010, dedicada a la maricultura en mar abierto, específicamente del Pez Rachycentron Canadum conocido vernacularmente como Cobia. Sus actividades se concentran en la crianza y venta de la Cobia, ofreciendo la mejor calidad posible al mercado. Sin embargo, la empresa no cuenta con una herramienta que les permita aumentar el nivel de confianza sobre el peso del producto al momento de la compra. Es decir, que requieren poder optimizar su producto para satisfacer las necesidades del cliente, ya que los mismos cuentan con una serie de especificaciones que requieren que sean cumplidas para poder continuar de manera eficiente la cadena de mercado. El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo estadístico para la estimación del peso promedio de cosecha de Rachycentron canadum cultiva a mar abierto, utilizando los datos suministrados por la empresa Open Blue Sea Farm

Population Dynamics of <i>Anopheles albimanus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) at Ipetí-Guna, a Village in a Region Targeted for Malaria Elimination in Panamá

Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann is a major malaria vector in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean whose population dynamics, in response to changing environments, has been relatively poorly studied. Here, we present monthly adult and larvae data collected from May 2016 to December 2017 in Ipet&#237;-Guna, a village within an area targeted for malaria elimination in the Rep&#250;blica de Panam&#225;. During the study period we collected a total of 1678 Anopheles spp. mosquitoes (1602 adults and 76 larvae). Over 95% of the collected Anopheles spp. mosquitoes were An. albimanus. Using time series analysis techniques, we found that population dynamics of larvae and adults were not significantly correlated with each other at any time lag, though correlations were highest at one month lag between larvae and adults and four months lag between adults and larvae. Larvae population dynamics had cycles of three months and were sensitive to changes in temperature with 5 months lag, while adult abundance was correlated with itself (1 month lag) and with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with three months lag. A key observation from our study is the absence of both larvae and adults of An. albimanus between January and April from environments associated with Guna population&#8217;s daily activities, which suggests this time window could be the best time to implement elimination campaigns aimed at clearing Plasmodium spp. parasites from Guna populations using, for example, mass drug administration

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used