Wave mechanics in an ionic liquid mixture

Experimental measurements of interactions in ionic liquids and concentrated electrolytes over the past decade or so have revealed simultaneous monotonic and oscillatory decay modes. These observations have been hard to interpret using classical theories, which typically allow for just one electrostatic decay mode in electrolytes. Meanwhile, substantial progress in the theoretical description of dielectric response and ion correlations in electrolytes has illuminated the deep connection between density and charge correlations and the multiplicity of decay modes characterising a liquid electrolyte. The challenge in front of us is to build connections between the theoretical expressions for pair correlation functions and the directly measured free energy of interaction between macroscopic surfaces in experiments. Towards this aim, we here present measurements and analysis of the interactions between macroscopic bodies across a fluid mixture of two ionic liquids of widely diverging ionic size. The measured oscillatory interaction forces in the liquid mixtures are significantly more complex than for either of the pure ionic liquids, but can be fitted to a superposition of two oscillatory and one monotonic mode with parameters matching those of the pure liquids. We discuss this empirical finding, which hints at a kind of wave mechanics for interactions in liquid matter

Wave mechanics in an ionic liquid mixture

Experimental measurements of interactions in ionic liquids and concentrated electrolytes over the past decade or so have revealed simultaneous monotonic and oscillatory decay modes. These observations have been hard to interpret using classical theories, which typically allow for just one electrostatic decay mode in electrolytes. Meanwhile, substantial progress in the theoretical description of dielectric response and ion correlations in electrolytes has illuminated the deep connection between density and charge correlations and the multiplicity of decay modes characterising a liquid electrolyte. The challenge in front of us is to build connections between the theoretical expressions for a pair of correlation functions and the directly measured free energy of interaction between macroscopic surfaces in experiments. Towards this aim, we here present measurements and analysis of the interactions between macroscopic bodies across a fluid mixture of two ionic liquids of widely diverging ionic size. The measured oscillatory interaction forces in the liquid mixtures are significantly more complex than for either of the pure ionic liquids, but can be fitted to a superposition of two oscillatory and one monotonic mode with parameters matching those of the pure liquids. We discuss this empirical finding, which hints at a kind of wave mechanics for interactions in liquid matter

Gift or poison?: women's experience of the church with reference to certain women in the Eastern Cape.

This dissertation examines the experience that women have of the church. Work was done with groups of women in the Eastern Cape to hear their first hand experiences on this subject. A study was also made of the experiences of women as recorded in other parts of Africa and the world. South African women are situated within the broader context of society, thus also matters pertaining to this broader context were examined.The situation facing South African women in society and within the church is complex and difficult. In the final chapter, rather than looking at how women could change external structures, the focus is on women paying attention to themselves. The great importance of women honouring themselves, and giving themselves priority, and that of developing a spiritual practice that is nurturing and relevant to their lives, were suggested as a prerequisite for effective change on a wider level. An emphasis was thus put on the inner world of the woman, where, it is argued, many South African women need to experience a revolution. That women need support in this journey was stressed, with the participation in women's groups seen as being transforming for women.Systematic TheologyTh. M. (System Theology

The Seven Words of the Virgin: Identifying Change in the Discourse Context of the Concept of Virginity in Early Modern English

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Locally finite near-fields

A near-field is locally finite if every finite subset of it generates a finite sub-near-field. The main aim of this thesis is to give a coherent account of locally finite-near-fields, including finite ones. The well known results for finite near-fields are lised and proofs are given where appropriate. The results of Zassenhaus classify finite regular near-fields according to their order, pln, and the order of centres, pl, and Luneburg has determined the number of isomorphism types within each class. A polynomial h is given here which, together with the triple p, l, n, completely determines a finite regular near-field, up to isomorphism. The sub-near-field structure is determined in terms of these invariants and some results concerning near-field embeddings are included

The surface force balance: direct measurement of interactions in fluids and soft matter

Over the last half-century, direct measurements of surface forces have been instrumental in the exploration of a multitude of phenomena in liquid, soft, and biological matter. Measurements of van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, structural forces, depletion forces, and many other effects have checked and challenged theoretical predictions and motivated new models and understanding. The gold-standard instrument for these measurements is the \textit{surface force balance}, or \textit{surface forces apparatus}, where interferometry is used to detect the interaction force and distance between two atomically smooth planes, with 0.1~nm resolution, over separations from about 1~\unit{\um} down to contact. The measured interaction force \textit{vs.} distance gives access to the free energy of interaction across the fluid film; a fundamental quantity whose general form and subtle features reveal the underlying molecular and surface interactions and their variation. Motivated by new challenges in emerging fields of research, such as energy storage, biomaterials, non-equilibrium and driven systems, innovations to the apparatus are now clearing the way for new discoveries. It is now possible to measure interaction forces (and free energies) with control of electric field, surface potential, surface chemistry; to measure time-dependent effects; and to determine structure \textit{in situ}. Here, we provide an overview the operating principles and capabilities of the surface force balance with particular focus on the recent developments and future possibilities of this remarkable technique

The Berkeley School System: Women\u27s Studies Program in Jeopardy

The Women\u27s Studies Program of the Berkeley Unified School District was created in 1972. It all began when pressure was placed on the Berkeley Board of Education in 1970 by the Education Committee of the Berkeley chapter of NOW. The committee, which included University of California women, made a strong case for examining sexism in the schools. The Board responded by creating a Women\u27s Task Force whose purpose it was: -to study the role of women in the Berkeley Unified School District; -to bring to the attention of the Board both positive and negative aspects of the District in its responsibility to women; -to make recommendations to help the Board make educational decisions which reflect a commitment to the elimination of sex stereotyping in this institution

Secrets of Successful Short Grant Applications

Nursing doctoral programs prepare students for research-focused careers within academic settings. The purpose of this Editorial Board Special Article is to provide PhD students and advisors with suggestions for making the most of their doctoral experience. Editorial Board members provide their individual insights on the skills and attributes students must acquire during the course of their doctoral education in order to succeed. The authors provide practical tips and advice on how to excel in a PhD program, including how to select an advisor and a dissertation committee, the importance of attending conferences to increase visibility and develop a network of colleagues, presenting and publishing research while still a student, and balancing work and personal life. Students who take full advantage of the opportunities available to them during the course of their doctoral programs will graduate well prepared to take on the multiple responsibilities of research, teaching, and leadership

Liberal market economies, business, and political finance: Britain under New Labour

The extent and nature of business financing of parties is an important feature of political finance. Britain’s transparent and permissive regulatory system provides an excellent opportunity to study business financing of parties. Business donations have been very important to the Conservative party over the last decade, and of only marginal importance to Labour. Unlike other Conservative contributors, business donors are more likely to contribute when the party is popular. In contrast to the previous period of Conservative government, the biggest British businesses tended to abstain from political finance under New Labour. However, their bias towards the Conservatives is affected by the party’s popularity and the closeness of an election. Britain shares the political importance of business financing of parties and its mixture of ideological and pragmatic motivations with other liberal market economies. However, in Britain the bias towards the right is much stronger and the role of big business more marginal

Availability, scope and quality of monkeypox clinical management guidelines globally : a systematic review

This work was supported by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome (215091/Z/18/Z) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135). The GloPID-R Secretariat is a project that receives funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 874667. SL is an MRC Clinical Research Training fellow (MR/T001151/1).Background Monkeypox (MPX) is an important human Orthopoxvirus infection. There has been an increase in MPX cases and outbreaks in endemic and non-endemic regions in recent decades. We appraised the availability, scope, quality and inclusivity of clinical management guidelines for MPX globally. Methods For this systematic review, we searched six databases from inception until 14 October 2021, augmented by a grey literature search until 17 May 2022. MPX guidelines providing treatment and supportive care recommendations were included, with no exclusions for language. Two reviewers assessed the guidelines. Quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool. Results Of 2026 records screened, 14 guidelines were included. Overall, most guidelines were of low-quality with a median score of 2 out of 7 (range: 1–7), lacked detail and covered a narrow range of topics. Most guidelines focused on adults, five (36%) provided some advice for children, three (21%) for pregnant women and three (21%) for people living with HIV. Treatment guidance was mostly limited to advice on antivirals; seven guidelines advised cidofovir (four specified for severe MPX only); 29% (4/14) tecovirimat, and 7% (1/14) brincidofovir. Only one guideline provided recommendations on supportive care and treatment of complications. All guidelines recommended vaccination as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Three guidelines advised on vaccinia immune globulin as PEP for severe cases in people with immunosuppression. Conclusion Our results highlight a lack of evidence-based clinical management guidelines for MPX globally. There is a clear and urgent need for research into treatment and prophylaxis including for different risk populations. The current outbreak provides an opportunity to accelerate this research through coordinated high-quality studies. New evidence should be incorporated into globally accessible guidelines, to benefit patient and epidemic outcomes. A ‘living guideline’ framework is recommended. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020167361.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe