In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Rumen Microbial Population of Diet Supplemented with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Rumen Microbe Probiotics

The objective of this study was to select three strains of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to evaluate the effect of S. cerevisiae and rumen bacteria isolate (MR4) supplementation and their combination on rumen fermentability and rumen microbial population. Experiment 1 was designed in a 4 x 5 factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The first factor was S. cerevisiae strain consisted of control treatment (without S. cerevisiae supplementation), NBRC 10217, NRRL Y 567 and NRRL 12618, and the second factor was incubation time consisted of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Ration was basal ration for feedlot with forage to concentrate ratio (F:C)= 60:40. Dosage of each treatment with S. cerevisiae was 5 x 1010 cfu/kg ration. Experiment 2 was designed in randomized block design with 4 treatments: P0= basal ration of feedlot; P1= P0 + S. cerevisiae; P2= P0 + MR4 isolate (5 x 107 cfu/kg ration); P3= P0 + S. cerevisiae and MR4 isolate. The result of experiment 1 showed that supplementation of S. cerevisiae NRRL 12618 had the highest S. cerevisiae population and increased rumen bacterial population. This strain was selected as probiotic in experiment 2. The result from experiment 2 showed that probiotic supplementation stabilized rumen pH and produced the highest NH3 concentration (P<0.05) and bacterial population (P<0.05). As compared with control, all treatments reduced protozoa population (P<0.05). Combination of S. cerevisiae and MR4 probiotics produced the highest total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and isovalerate (P<0.05). It was concluded that strain S. cerevisiae NRRL 12618 had potential as probiotic yeast. Supplementation with this strain increased fermentability, rumen isoacid and decreased A:P ratio. Those abilities could be improved with MR4 rumen isolate probiotic

Improvement of Napier Grass Silage Nutritive Value by Using Inoculant and Crude Enzymes From Trichoderma Reesei and Its Effect on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation

This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculant and crude enzyme of Trichoderma reesei on fermentation quality and rumen digestibility of napier grass silage. This research consisted of two stages. The first stage was fermentation quality using a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications. The second stage was rumen fermentability using a randomized block design with three treatments and six replications. The treatments of both stages were: T0= control of napier grass silage (Hi-fer+), T1= control + T. reesei inoculant at the level of 2.13 x 107 cfu/kg, and T2= control + crude enzyme from T. reesei at the level of 11.4 unit/kg. Napier grass silage were kept at room temperature and opened 21 d after fermentation. The result of the first stage experiment showed that T2 decreased (P<0.01) dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and also increased (P<0.05) crude protein, total digestible nutrient (TDN), pH, acetic acid, and propionic acid of napier grass silage while T1 decreased (P<0.01) NDF and increased (P<0.05) propionic acid. The result of the second stage experiment showed that there were no significant differences in rumen pH, in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility, total VFA, proportion of VFA, ratio of acetic to propionic acids, and also NH3. It is concluded that the addition of crude enzyme from T. reesei could improve fermentation quality of napier grass silage with decreasing NDF and increasing TDN but did not affect rumen fermentability

Evaluasi Program Penyaluran Dana Zakat, Infaq dan Shadaqah Kepada Pelaku Usaha

The role of the Amil Zakat Institution (Laznas) Berdaya Sejahtera Mandiri (BSM) for the Ummah is to manage the ZIS funds (zakat, infaq, shadaqah) as well as possible and as safely as possible in the form of programs that are beneficial to the people and have sustainable benefit values. The aims of the research are (1) to analyze the program process for channeling ZIS funds to business actors; (2) Analyzing the performance and development of program beneficiary mustahik; and (3) Predicting the development of the ZIS fund distribution program to business actors in the future. The research location was carried out at the BSM Village Program located in three villages, namely Rejosari Village, Lampung, Kedarpan Village, Purbalingga; Jati Village, Trenggalek. The research time spans seven months, from January to July 2022. Data processing uses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)-Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The validity test analysis of the four perspectives shows valid results. Reliability test analysis on the four BSC perspectives is reliable (reliable). The results of the analysis of financial ratios, seen from the ratio of liquidity, solvency and profitability show quite healthy results, namely the program for channeling ZIS funds to business actors is running well, can run their business, and has good performance. The results of the SWOT-BSC analysis provide alternative strategies that can be carried out in the future, namely (1) A financial perspective by strengthening literacy programs and building an integrated service system to increase public trust; (2) Perspective of members by strengthening GCG and HR capacity, as well as socializing work programs to prospective muzakki; (3) Internal business process perspective by increasing internal marketing to BSI customers and standardizing SOPs so that the program runs optimally; (4) The perspective of learning and growth by conducting intensive assistance, as well as creating programs that are in line with the BSI program. The results of the analysis using the QSP matrix show that the priority strategy that can be implemented is to provide intensive assistance so that program beneficiaries become bankabl

Pengaruh Fungsi Pengayom Pada Induk Koperasi Syariah BMT Terhadap Tingkat Kesehatan Koperasi Syariah (Studi kasus pada INKOPSYAH BMT)

Induk Koperasi Syariah Baitul Maal Wa Tamwil (Inkopsyah BMT) yang berperan sebagai APEX (Pengayom) BMT mempunyai fungsi utama yakni sebagai lembaga resmi dalam menangani sistem likuiditas para anggotanya (BMT) dan mempermudah segala urusan transaksi antar lembaga BMT maupun antar anggota BMT yang berlainan, serta membantu setiap anggota agar memiliki tingkat kepastian dan kenyamanan bagi setiap penggunanya. Fungsi tersebut sebagai berikut: (1) Melakukan fungsi penghimpunan simpanan wajib minimum (SWM) atau pooling of funds dan dana padanan (commited facility line), (2) Melakukan fungsi dukungan pendanaan (financial assistance), (3) Melakukan fungsi dukungan teknis (technical assistance), (4) Melakukan fungsi pelaporan (reporting) terhadap koperasi primer syariahnya, serta (5) Melakukan fungsi pengukuran dan pemeringkatan cepat (quick rating). Berdasarkan fungsi tersebut peran Inkopsyah BMT sebagai APEX BMT sangat diperlukan, karena keberhasilan anggota primernya menjadi koperasi yang berkualitas secara tidak langsung memerlukan peran Inkopsyah BMT sebagai pembimbing dan pengayom. Metode penelitian melalui (1) Angket, (2) Interview dan (3) Observasi, serta (4) Dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fungsi pengayom Inkopsyah BMT belum memberikan pengaruh pada tingkat kesehatan anggota primer syariah, perlu dukungan terhadap sistem jaringan nasional yang difasilitasi oleh pemerintah berupa dibangunnya insfrastruktur sistem informasi atas penilaian Kesehatan koperasi primer, sehingga mempercepat proses update informasi dari Inkopsyah BMT menjadi lebih mampu dalam melakukan pengawasan serta pengendalian terhadap para anggotanya

Strategi Kelayakan Penyaluran Kredit Pada Usaha Mikro dan Kecil Di Cirebon (Studi Kasus Bank Syariah Mandiri Cabang Cipto Cirebon Tahun 2018-2020)

Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM) Cipto Cirebon Branch is one of the branches of BSM that focuses on microfinancing to micro and small enterprises (UMK) in Cirebon. The research objectives are (1) to analyze the feasibility of micro-financing in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) with the 5C principle; (2) to identify environmental factors that affect the feasibility of MSME financing; and (3) to Develop a form of micro-financing strategy for MSMEs. Primary data collection was carried out by direct interviews using questionnaires to experts who mastered the problems. Business feasibility analysis with the 5C principal approach. Strategy analysis with Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE), External Factor Evaluation (EFE), Internal-External (IE) and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT matrix) and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) to determine strategic priorities. The results of the financing feasibility analysis with the 5C principle show that the BSM Cipto Cirebon Branch has been implemented well, in accordance with the provisions that have been set. The results of the identification of internal strategy factors were obtained which became the main strength of the Cipto Cirebon Branch of BSM, namely a fairly easy requirement in applying for MSME loans. The main weakness is the lack of human capitals understanding of the product.  Government support for microfinance is the main opportunity, while the main threat is the Covid-19 pandemic. Determination of the position of the IE matrix strategy, showing the position of BSM Cipto Cirebon Branch is located in cell V (guard and maintain). The appropriate strategy to be applied is market penetration and product development. Based on the SWOT matrix analysis, eight alternative strategies were identified to be considered, then with the QSP matrix, the strategies that should be prioritized for implementation were obtained, namely to innovate products according to the times and the needs of the community

Status Nutrisi Mineral Rusa Totol (Axis axis) di Lingkungan Istana Kepresidenan Bogor

The study aimed to determine the effect of mineral status (Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in soil, grass, and hair of spotted deer in the Bogor Presidential Palace. Fifteen male deer were randomly selected with an age of ± 2.5‒6 years. Soil was collected from ten points representing land, and grass samples were obtained by sampling from several points of the grazing area. Mineral content in soil, grass, and deer hair were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the level of Ca (0.03%) and P (0.016%) in the soil are deficient, Mn (1960 ppm), Zn (33.89 ppm), and Cu (77.23 ppm) are considered in the normal range, and Fe and Pb elements are high. Mineral levels of Ca, P, Cu, and Zn in grasses do not meet the daily requirements, whilst high levels of Fe and Mn minerals exceed the requirements for the spotted deer. The Pb content in grass is 0.94 ppm, which is within the normal limit. The levels of Ca (0.02%), Fe (308.11 ppm). and Mn (6.18 ppm) minerals in deer hair are high, however, zinc (44.68 ppm) and Cu (3.08 ppm) levels are low. High Pb level (14.38 ppm) is due to the long-term impact of Pb accumulation.   Keywords: Bogor Palace, mineral status, Axis axi

Openness, Technological Change and Labor Demand in Pre-Crisis Indonesia.

This paper examines the impact of export orientation, import competition, foreign ownership and the rate of capital accumulation on the relative demand for skilled and unskilled labor in pre-crisis Indonesia.TRADE ; COMPETITION ; LABOUR MARKET

The Measurement and Trends of Unemployment in Indonesia : The Issue of Discouraged Workers

This study provides an overview of the concepts used to measure unemployment in Indonesia and their consequences for the measured unemployment trends. One finding shows that BPSs decision in 2001 to relax the definition of labor force by including discouraged workers has resulted in an artificially high open unemployment rate and disguises the actual decline in traditionally-measured open unemployment rates post-crisis. Another finding indicates that discouraged workers in Indonesia are not confined only to the poor and those who are denied access to the proper job market. We recommend that, if Indonesia still wants to utilize a broader definition of the labor force, the measurement of open unemployment should adhere to the ILOs recommendation of only including those discouraged workers who are still willing to work. The discouraged workers who are unwilling to work should be left in the out of labor force category.discouraged workers, open unemployment, measurement, Indonesia

Safety nets and safety ropes - who benefited from two Indonesian crisis programs - the"poor"or the"shocked"?

Imagine several mountain climbers, scaling a cliff face, who want protection from falling. One way to protect them would be to place a net at the bottom of the cliff to catch any climber just before he hits the ground. Another would be to provide a rope, and a set of movable devices that can be attached to the cliff; as the climbers scale the cliff, they attach the rope at higher levels, so that if a climber falls, he falls only by the length of the rope. In this paper, the :safety net"guarantees against a fall past an absolute level; the"safety rope"guarantees against a fall of more than a given distance. The safety net is concerned with an increase in poverty; the safety rope mitigates risk through social insurance, or social protection. Calculations of the benefit incidence, and targeting effectiveness of safety net programs, typically examine only the relationship between a household's current expenditures, and program participation. But in programs that respond to an economic shock, or intend to mitigate household risk, it is not only the current level of expenditures that matters, but also changes in expenditures. Safety net programs may intend to benefit only the currently poor; programs to mitigate shocks ("safety rope"programs) may intend to provide transfers to those whose incomes have fallen, even if they have not fallen below an absolute poverty threshold. The authors examine the targeting performance of tow programs, created to respond to the social impacts of Indonesia's crisis. They find strong evidence that one program, subsidized sales of rice targeted to the permanently poor, was only weakly related to the shock in consumption spending. A job creation program was much more responsive to changes in spending. A Household that started in the third quintile in expenditures in 1997, and fell to the lowest quintile between 1997, and 1998, was four times as likely to have participated in the job creation program as a household starting in the third quintile in 1997, but experiencing a positive shock. But the household experiencing a negative shock, was only fifty percent more likely to have received subsidized rice, than a household experiencing a positive shock.Poverty Monitoring&Analysis,Health Economics&Finance,Decentralization,ICT Policy and Strategies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Poverty Monitoring&Analysis,Health Economics&Finance,ICT Policy and Strategies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Housing&Human Habitats