A Hospital-based Observational Study of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects from India

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to obtain aclear picture from Western India, that would help in management of diabetes. Methods: An observational study wasconducted with newly diagnosed 622 type 2 diabetic subjects attending Dept. of Diabetology, All India Institute ofDiabetes and Research and Yash Diabetes Specialties Centre (Swasthya), Ahmedabad during the period from August 2006 to January 31, 2009. Subjects completed an interviewer-administered comprehensive questionnaire, which included variables such as sociodemographic presenting symptoms, risk profile (hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and glycemic status), family history of diabetes, physical activity and behavioral profile. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting lipid profile were measured. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were carried out using SPSS version 11.5. Results: A total of 622 T2DM cases with mean age (years) 47.7 ± 10.9 were studied. Of these, 384 (62%) were male. The majority of T2DM subjects were obese (68%) and 67% had positive family history of diabetes. Renal dysfunctions and vision impairment were found in 10% (62/622) and 9% (57/622), respectively in T2DM subjects. The mean HbA1c level was 9.02% ± 1.67 and good glycemic control (HbA1c level <7%) was achieved only in 7.4% T2DM subjects. The Chi-square (χ2) analysis showed that higher BMI (≥25 kg/m2) is significantly associated with hypertension among T2DM subjects (p < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences between male and female study subjects with respect to mean age, BMI, waist and hip circumference and mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study revealed that obesity, family history of diabetes, dyslipidemia, uncontrolled glycemic status, sedentary lifestyles and hypertension were more prevalent in T2DM subjects. Hence, the overall risk profile was very poor and needs improvement. The characterization of this risk profile will contribute in defining more effective and specific strategies for screening and controlling T2DM in Western India

A Hospital-based Observational Study of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects from Gujarat, India

The aim of this observational study was to describe the profile of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Gujarat, India. The study was performed with newly-diagnosed 622 type 2 diabetic subjects who attended the Department of Diabetology, All India Institute of Diabetes and Research and Yash Diabetes Specialties Centre (Swasthya), Ahmedabad, during August 2006–January 2009. The subjects completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included variables, such as sociodemographic factors, presenting symptoms, risk profile (hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and glycaemic status), family history of diabetes, physical activity, and behavioural profile. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated haemoglobin levels, and fasting lipid profile were measured. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were carried out using the SPSS software (version 11.5). In total, 622 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases with mean age of 47.7±10.9 years were studied. Of the 622 subjects, 384 (62%) were male. The majority (68%) of the T2DM subjects were obese, and 67% had a positive family history of diabetes. Renal dysfunctions and vision impairment were, respectively, found in 10% (n=62) and 9% (n=57) of the 622 T2DM subjects. The mean HbA1c level was 9.02±1.67%, and good glycaemic control (HbA1c level <7%) was achieved only in 7.4% of the T2DM subjects. Results of chi-square analysis showed that higher BMI (≥25 kg/m2) was significantly associated with hypertension among the T2DM subjects (p<0.01). There were significant differences (p<0.05) between male and female subjects with respect to mean age, BMI, waist and hip-circumference, and mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The results revealed that many factors, such as obesity, fami-ly history of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, uncontrolled glycaemic status, sedentary lifestyles, and hypertension were prevalent among the T2DM subjects. The characterization of this risk profile will contribute to designing more effective and specific strategies for screening and controlling T2DM in Gujarat, India

Clinical, biochemical and haematological changes in leptospirosis

Background: Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic leptospira. Leptospira species are spirochetes belonging to the order spirochetes and the family leptospiraceae. Present study is done to find out the incidence of thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis and to correlate it with other parameters like renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction and bleeding manifestation.Methods: Study includes 51 clinically suspected and diagnosed cases of leptospirosis, in Government hospital, South Gujarat, during a period from January 2017 to December 2017. Clinical signs and symptoms and complications, biochemical profile like bilirubin and creatinine, haematological profile like Hb, WBC count and platelet count were recorded. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count below 1,50,000/cmm.Results: The present study includes 51 cases of Leptospirosis. Age ranged from 16 years to 61 years (male-39 and Females-12) There were 38 (74.5%) cases with thrombocytopenia and 13 (25.4%) cases with normal platelet count. Out of 38 thrombocytopenic cases, 32 (84.2%) cases had renal dysfunction, 26 (68.4%) cases had hepatic dysfunction and 16 (42.1%) cases had pulmonary haemorrhage. Among 13 cases with normal platelet count, 8 (61.5%) cases had hepatic dysfunction and 7 (53.8%) cases had renal dysfunction and 3 (23%) cases had pulmonary haemorrhage.Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia is a frequent complication (present in more than half of the patient) in leptospirosis and associated with more frequent and more severe complications. Therefore, early recognition of thrombocytopenia is recommended to prevent complications and mortality in leptospirosis

Cellular and Molecular Impact of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

Toxicity and biocompatibility of silver nanoparticles are of a major concern due to their extensive production regardless of their application in current industries. Information about toxicology or biocompatibility is crucial regarding their proper utilization and application in clinical as well as environmental aspect. This chapter describes in detail about the different techniques and technology of synthesis of silver nanoparticles and explains their different physiochemical properties in context of the current research scenario. Further, it also explains the biocompatibility and toxicity of silver nanoparticles at cellular and molecular aspects. The mechanism of their toxicity has been described keeping in view of the recent research done. In brief, it reveals detail knowledge of the cellular and molecular impact of silver nanoparticles

On the graph on a weyl group being an interval graph

We consider the graph on a Weyl group whose associated root system is arbitrary. It is shown that such a graph is an interval graph only when the associated root systems are of some particular types

Factors Associated with Consumption of Diabetic Diet among Type 2 Diabetic Subjects from Ahmedabad, Western India

This cross-sectional study assessed the current situation of and factors associated with consumption of diabetic diet among 399 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects from Ahmedabad, Western India. The study was performed with diagnosed (at least one year old) diabetic subjects who attended the Department of Diabetology, All India Institute of Diabetes and Research and Yash Diabetes Specialties Centre (Swasthya Hospital), Ahmedabad during July 2010\u2013November 2010. The subjects completed an interviewer- administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included variables, such as sociodemographic factors, family history of diabetes, behavioural profile, risk profile (glycaemic status, hypertension, and obesity), and diet-related history (consumption of diabetic diet, consumption of low fat/skimmed milk, method of cooking, and sources for diet advice). Blood pressure, body mass index, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, and fasting lipid profile were measured. All analyses including multivariate logistic regression were conducted using SPSS, version 11.5. In total, 399 T2DM subjects (65% male, 35% female) with mean age of 53.16\ub17.95 years were studied. Although 73% of T2DM subjects were consuming diabetic diet, the good glycaemic control (HbA1c level &lt;7%) was achieved only in 35% of the subjects. The majority (75%) of the subjects had a positive family history of diabetes, and 52% were obese. In 77%, the main source of dietary advice was doctor. In 36%, the main methods of cooking were: boiling and roasting. The final multivariate model showed that visit to dietician, level of education, intake of low fat, and family history of diabetes were independent predictors for diabetic diet consumption among T2DM subjects. However, longitudinal and cohort studies are required to establish the association between consumption of diabetic diet and glycaemic control

A Hospital-based Observational Study of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects from Gujarat, India

The aim of this observational study was to describe the profile of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Gujarat, India. The study was performed with newly-diagnosed 622 type 2 diabetic subjects who attended the Department of Diabetology, All India Institute of Diabetes and Research and Yash Diabetes Specialties Centre (Swasthya), Ahmedabad, during August 2006 -January 2009. The subjects completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included variables, such as sociodemographic factors, presenting symptoms, risk profile (hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and glycaemic status), family history of diabetes, physical activity, and behavioural profile. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated haemoglobin levels, and fasting lipid profile were measured. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were carried out using the SPSS software (version 11.5). In total, 622 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases with mean age of 47.7\ub110.9 years were studied. Of the 622 subjects, 384 (62%) were male. The majority (68%) of the T2DM subjects were obese, and 67% had a positive family history of diabetes. Renal dysfunctions and vision impairment were, respectively, found in 10% (n=62) and 9% (n=57) of the 622 T2DM subjects. The mean HbA1c level was 9.02\ub11.67%, and good glycaemic control (HbA1c level &lt;7%) was achieved only in 7.4% of the T2DM subjects. Results of chi-square analysis showed that higher BMI ( 6525 kg/m2) was significantly associated with hypertension among the T2DM subjects (p&lt;0.01). There were significant differences (p&lt;0.05) between male and female subjects with respect to mean age, BMI, waist- and hip-circumference, and mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The results revealed that many factors, such as obesity, family history of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, uncontrolled glycaemic status, sedentary lifestyles, and hypertension were prevalent among the T2DM subjects. The characterization of this risk profile will contribute to designing more effective and specific strategies for screening and controlling T2DM in Gujarat, India

A REVIEW ON PHYTOSOMES, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION, ADVANCEMENT & POTENTIAL FOR TRANSDERMAL APPLICATION

The objective of this review is to focus on the application of phytosome technology along with its preparation, various properties and characterization. The recent development and conducted works of various researchers have been studied thoroughly to establish the transdermal route as a potential way to deliver phytoconstituents. Plant derived products or plant extracts are increasingly receiving attention as dietary supplements for the homeostatic management of inflammation, toxicities, cancers, weight loss and other chronic or acute degenerative disorders. But these products frequently face stability and bioavailability problems. Plant products after their isolation become prone to instability and are potentially unfit to cross the biomembrane as such. Some plant products show hydrophobicity and their delivery to systemic circulation is a quite difficult task. The phytosome technique reduces these tasks to reasonable extents. Phytosomes or herbosomes are lipid compatible molecular complexes produced by interaction of standardized plant extracts and phospholipids with a stoichiometric ratio, having better stability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profile. The phytosome or Herbosome technique increases the hydrophilicity of highly lipophilic drug there by making it suitable for drug delivery and increases the lipophilicity of hydrophilic phytoconstituents adequately to cross biological membrane. The topical application of phytosomes for cosmetic purpose has already been proven. This review contains a comparative account of liposomes and phytosomes along with recent advancements in the field of phytosome technology with a special concern to transdermal drug delivery. Key words: Phytosomes, phospholipids, bioavailability, topical route, transdermal drug deliver

Spin-valve nature and giant coercivity of a ferrimagnetic spin semimetal Mn2_2IrGa

Spin semimetals are amongst the most recently discovered new class of spintronic materials, which exhibit a band gap in one spin channel and semimetallic feature in the other, thus facilitating tunable spin transport. Here, we report Mn$_2$IrGa to be a candidate material for spin semimetal along with giant coercivity and spin-valve characteristics using a combined experimental and theoretical study. The alloy crystallizes in an inverse Heusler structure (without any martensitic transition) with a para- to ferri-magnetic transition at $T_\mathrm{C} \sim$ 243 K. It shows a giant coercive field of about 8.5 kOe (at 2 K). The negative temperature coefficient, relatively low magnitude and weak temperture dependance of electrical resistivity suggest the semimetallic character of the alloy. This is further supported by our specific heat measurement. Magnetoresistance (MR) confirms an irreversible nature (with its magnitude $\sim$1\%) along with a change of sign across the magnetic transition indicating the potentiality of Mn$_2$IrGa in magnetic switching applications. In addition, asymmetric nature of MR in the positive and negative field cycles is indicative of spin-valve characteristics. Our ab-initio calculations confirm the inverse Heusler structure with ferrimagnetic ordering to be the lowest energy state, with a saturation magnetization of 2 $\mu_\mathrm{B}$. $$ is found to be the easy magnetic axis with considerable magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy. A large positive Berry flux at/around $\Gamma$ point gives rise to an appreciable anomalous Hall conductivity ($\sim$-180 S/cm).Comment: Mn2IrGa, Inverse Heusler alloys, Giant Coercivity, Ferrimagnets, Spin Semimetal, Spin valve, Fleur, FLAPW, Spintronic