The Relationship between Parenting Style and Social-Emotional Development of Early Childhood at RA Al-Maunah Gebang Anom Semarang

The main problem of early childhood learning is social-emotional development. This learning becomes the basis for other intelligence. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parenting parents with emotional social development in early childhood. The researcher's approach is quantitative using a cross sectional approach, which is observation in one time. Data collection uses parenting questionnaire and KMME. The data obtained can be important for normality and reliability testing. Normality test is done to find out whether the data used in the study has a normal distribution and the results of the reliability test for all research variables have a Cronbach alpha value of> 0.60 so that it can be said that the instruments in this study are reliable and feasible to use. The results of this study indicate the relationship of parenting parents with social emotional development in early childhood, the chi square results show that the value of the Chi-Square Test symptom is P = 0.01

Nihilism And Its Destructive Effect On Oba Yozo In No Longer Human By Osamu Dazai

This research study about novel entitled “No Longer Human” using theory of Nihilism by Friedrich Nietzsche. This study aims to 1) describe characterization of Oba Yozo, 2) reveal the idea of nihilism as reflected in Oba Yozo, and 3) find the destructive effect of nihilism in Oba Yozo’s life. This research is qualitative research. The data is collected by note-taking and the technique of analyzing data is using 3 stages of data analyze by Miles & Huberman called data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. To determine the accuracy of this research, the theory triangulation is used as data validity. The researcher finds the characterization of Oba Yozo through Murphy’s method of analyzing character. The nihilism idea such as insecurity, lack of gaining composure, ashamed of oneself, negate all meaning in life, and believe in nothings is occurred in Oba Yozo’s life which caused some destructive effect includes alcohol and drugs addict, prostitution, and suicidal attempt

Correlation effects during liquid infiltration into hydrophobic nanoporous mediums

Correlation effects arising during liquid infiltration into hydrophobic porous medium are considered. On the basis of these effects a mechanism of energy absorption at filling porous medium by nonwetting liquid is suggested. In accordance with this mechanism, the absorption of mechanical energy is a result expenditure of energy for the formation of menisci in the pores on the shell of the infinite cluster and expenditure of energy for the formation of liquid-porous medium interface in the pores belonging to the infinite cluster of filled pores. It was found that in dependences on the porosity and, consequently, in dependences on the number of filled pores neighbors, the thermal effect of filling can be either positive or negative and the cycle of infiltration-defiltration can be closed with full outflow of liquid. It can occur under certain relation between percolation properties of porous medium and the energy characteristics of the liquid-porous medium interface and the liquid-gas interface. It is shown that a consecutive account of these correlation effects and percolation properties of the pores space during infiltration allow to describe all experimental data under discussion

Chromatin dynamics and the role of G9a in gene regulation and enhancer silencing during early mouse development.

Early mouse development is accompanied by dynamic changes in chromatin modifications, including G9a-mediated histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), which is essential for embryonic development. Here we show that genome-wide accumulation of H3K9me2 is crucial for postimplantation development, and coincides with redistribution of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-dependent histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Loss of G9a or EZH2 results in upregulation of distinct gene sets involved in cell cycle regulation, germline development and embryogenesis. Notably, the H3K9me2 modification extends to active enhancer elements where it promotes developmentally-linked gene silencing and directly marks promoters and gene bodies. This epigenetic mechanism is important for priming gene regulatory networks for critical cell fate decisions in rapidly proliferating postimplantation epiblast cells.Wellcome Trust: Jan J Zylicz, Ufuk Günesdogan, Jamie A Hackett, Delphine Cougot, Caroline Lee, MA Surani, WT096738; European Commission (EC): Ufuk Günesdogan; Wellcome Trust: Jan J Zylicz, RG44593This is the final version of the article. It was first available from eLife via http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.0957

Dynamic Heterogeneity and DNA Methylation in Embryonic Stem Cells

Cell populations can be strikingly heterogeneous, composed of multiple cellular states, each exhibiting stochastic noise in its gene expression. A major challenge is to disentangle these two types of variability and to understand the dynamic processes and mechanisms that control them. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide an ideal model system to address this issue because they exhibit heterogeneous and dynamic expression of functionally important regulatory factors. We analyzed gene expression in individual ESCs using single-molecule RNA-FISH and quantitative time-lapse movies. These data discriminated stochastic switching between two coherent (correlated) gene expression states and burst-like transcriptional noise. We further showed that the “2i” signaling pathway inhibitors modulate both types of variation. Finally, we found that DNA methylation plays a key role in maintaining these metastable states. Together, these results show how ESC gene expression states and dynamics arise from a combination of intrinsic noise, coherent cellular states, and epigenetic regulation

A Unique Gene Regulatory Network Resets the Human Germline Epigenome for Development.

Resetting of the epigenome in human primordial germ cells (hPGCs) is critical for development. We show that the transcriptional program of hPGCs is distinct from that in mice, with co-expression of somatic specifiers and naive pluripotency genes TFCP2L1 and KLF4. This unique gene regulatory network, established by SOX17 and BLIMP1, drives comprehensive germline DNA demethylation by repressing DNA methylation pathways and activating TET-mediated hydroxymethylation. Base-resolution methylome analysis reveals progressive DNA demethylation to basal levels in week 5-7 in vivo hPGCs. Concurrently, hPGCs undergo chromatin reorganization, X reactivation, and imprint erasure. Despite global hypomethylation, evolutionarily young and potentially hazardous retroelements, like SVA, remain methylated. Remarkably, some loci associated with metabolic and neurological disorders are also resistant to DNA demethylation, revealing potential for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance that may have phenotypic consequences. We provide comprehensive insight on early human germline transcriptional network and epigenetic reprogramming that subsequently impacts human development and disease.W.C.C.T is supported by Croucher Foundation and Cambridge Trust. P.F.C.is a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Clinical Science (101876/Z/13/Z), and a UK NIHR Senior Investigator with additional support from the Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (096919Z/11/Z). M.A.S. is supported by HFSP and Wellcome Trust Investigator Award.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.05

MicroRNA biogenesis is required for mouse primordial germ cell development and spermatogenesis.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, which are involved in multiple developmental processes in many organisms. Apart from miRNAs, mouse germ cells express another type of small RNA, piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Although it has been clear that piRNAs play a role in repression of retrotransposons during spermatogenesis, the function of miRNA in mouse germ cells has been unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we first revealed the expression pattern of miRNAs by using a real-time PCR-based 220-plex miRNA expression profiling method. During development of germ cells, miR-17-92 cluster, which is thought to promote cell cycling, and the ES cell-specific cluster encoding miR-290 to -295 (miR-290-295 cluster) were highly expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and spermatogonia. A set of miRNAs was developmentally regulated. We next analysed function of miRNA biogenesis in germ cell development by using conditional Dicer-knockout mice in which Dicer gene was deleted specifically in the germ cells. Dicer-deleted PGCs and spermatogonia exhibited poor proliferation. Retrotransposon activity was unexpectedly suppressed in Dicer-deleted PGCs, but not affected in the spermatogonia. In Dicer-deleted testis, spermatogenesis was retarded at an early stage when proliferation and/or early differentiation. Additionally, we analysed spermatogenesis in conditional Argonaute2-deficient mice. In contrast to Dicer-deficient testis, spermatogenesis in Argonaute2-deficient testis was indistinguishable from that in wild type. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These results illustrate that miRNAs are important for the proliferation of PGCs and spermatogonia, but dispensable for the repression of retrotransposons in developing germ cells. Consistently, miRNAs promoting cell cycling are highly expressed in PGCs and spermatogonia. Furthermore, based on normal spermatogenesis in Argonaute2-deficient testis, the critical function of Dicer in spermatogenesis is independent of Argonaute2

PRMT5 protects genomic integrity during global DNA demethylation in primordial germ cells and preimplantation embryos.

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) and preimplantation embryos undergo epigenetic reprogramming, which includes comprehensive DNA demethylation. We found that PRMT5, an arginine methyltransferase, translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during this process. Here we show that conditional loss of PRMT5 in early PGCs causes complete male and female sterility, preceded by the upregulation of LINE1 and IAP transposons as well as activation of a DNA damage response. Similarly, loss of maternal-zygotic PRMT5 also leads to IAP upregulation. PRMT5 is necessary for the repressive H2A/H4R3me2s chromatin modification on LINE1 and IAP transposons in PGCs, directly implicating this modification in transposon silencing during DNA hypomethylation. PRMT5 translocates back to the cytoplasm subsequently, to participate in the previously described PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway that promotes transposon silencing via de novo DNA remethylation. Thus, PRMT5 is directly involved in genome defense during preimplantation development and in PGCs at the time of global DNA demethylation.U.G. was supported by a Marie Sk1odowska Curie Intra-European Fellowship. J.J.Z. was a recipient of a Wellcome Trust PhD Studentship (RG44593). This research was supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust to M.A.S. (WT096738).This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765%2814%2900787-4

Simultaneous deletion of Tet1 and Tet3 increases transcriptome variability in early embryogenesis

Dioxygenases of the TET (Ten-Eleven Translocation) family produce oxidized methylcytosines, intermediates in DNA demethylation, as well as new epigenetic marks. Here we show data suggesting that TET proteins maintain the consistency of gene transcription. Embryos lacking Tet1 and Tet3 (Tet1/3 DKO) displayed a strong loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and a concurrent increase in 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at the eight-cell stage. Single cells from eight-cell embryos and individual embryonic day 3.5 blastocysts showed unexpectedly variable gene expression compared with controls, and this variability correlated in blastocysts with variably increased 5mC/5hmC in gene bodies and repetitive elements. Despite the variability, genes encoding regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis were reproducibly down-regulated in Tet1/3 DKO blastocysts, resulting in a characteristic phenotype of holoprosencephaly in the few embryos that survived to later stages. Thus, TET enzymes and DNA cytosine modifications could directly or indirectly modulate transcriptional noise, resulting in the selective susceptibility of certain intracellular pathways to regulation by TET proteins.J.K. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research. W.A.P. was supported by the National Science Foundation predoctoral graduate research fellowship while this work was being performed, and subsequently by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research. L.C. was the recipient of a Feodor-Lynen fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt foundation. M.L. is supported by the Max Planck Society within its International Max Planck Research School for Computational Biology and Scientific Computing program (IMPRS-CBSC). A.T. was the recipient of an Irvington postdoctoral fellowship from the Cancer Research Institute. This work was supported by NIH R01 Grants AI044432 and HD065812 (to A.R.) and a Director’s New Innovator Award (DP2-OD-008646-01) (to S.K.).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from The National Academy of Sciences via http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.151051011

Origin and segregation of the human germline

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Wellcome Investigator Awards in Science (2094)75/Z/17/Z (to MA Surani), the Wellcome Investigator Awards in Science 096738/Z/11/Z (to MA Surani), the BBSRC research grant G103986 (to MA Surani), the Croucher Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (to WWC Tang), the Wellcome 4-Yr PhD Programme in Stem Cell Biology & Medicine (2038)31/Z/16/Z (to A Castillo-Venzor) and the Cambridge Commonwealth European and International Trust (to A Castillo-Venzor), the Isaac Newton Trust (to WWC Tang), the Butterfield Awards of Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation (to T Kobayashi and MA Surani), and the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (to T Kobayashi). The marmoset embryo research is generously supported by the Wellcome Trust (WT RG89228, WT RG9242), the Centre for Trophoblast Research, the Isaac Newton Trust, and JSPS KAKENHI 15H02360, 19H05759. TE Boroviak was supported by a Wellcome Sir Henry Dale Fellowship. JC Marioni acknowledges core support from EMBL and from Cancer Research UK (C9545/A29580), which supports MD Morgan. We would like to thank Roger Barker and Xiaoling He for providing human embryonic tissues and Charles Bradshaw for bioinformatics support. We also thank The Weizmann Institute of Science for the WIS2 human PSC line and the Genomics Core Facility of CRUK Cambridge Institute for sequencing services. We thank members of the Surani laboratory for insightful comments and critical reading of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD